Tracking the Mongol Presence in Iran: Seasonal Routes of Migration and Building Activities

成吉思汗的孙子Hülegü建立的伊尔汗王朝（约1256-1335年）对伊朗的政治、社会、人口和文化状况产生了深远而持久的影响。在7世纪被伊斯兰征服后，伊朗第一次重新获得了一个独特的政治领土实体的地位。伊尔汗政权被敌对的邻国（马穆鲁克，金帐汗国和乌勒斯查哈泰的蒙古统治者）所包围，这种情况导致了领土的限制。大量具有游牧背景的蒙古人和突厥人的涌入和永久居留，对征服者和被征服者来说都是一个相当大的挑战。结果就是蒙古和伊朗精英之间的纠葛。因此，双方都可以观察到弹性和整合的现象和过程。为了维持他们的游牧生活方式，蒙古人不得不集中在有利于游牧的地区，即伊朗高地的北部和西北部地区。伊朗的行政精英与权力中心，即王室阵营（ordu）一起不断地移动。伊尔汗王朝的统治者是热情的建设者。他们在他们的季节性迁徙路线上建造建筑，并直接作为赞助人或间接通过他们的伊朗行政人员发起城市发展甚至建立新城市。在地震，战争和故意拆迁之后，蒙古时期的建筑或考古遗迹仍然可见。伊朗的研究很少认为蒙古时期是一个有益的课题，这一事实加剧了这种情况。为了更好地理解空间概念、迁移模式和城市发展，我们的跨学科项目将评估文本和考古证据。将迁徙路线和季节性住宅地点定位并绘制成地理日期地图是该项目的首要目标。绘制的地图将作为选择性实地研究的基础。一个有希望的地点是Bustanabad附近（大不里士东南60公里），初步探测表明这里是Ujan重要的季节性居住地。蒙古在城市发展中的作用也反映在这一时期的叙述和文献资料中。在大不里士（Tabriz），一项德国-伊朗合作的项目正在对当时最大的宗教基础建筑群之一Rab -i rashj - d -进行考古勘探。在这种情况下，文字和考古证据也是相辅相成的。目前的申请旨在扩大和补充正在进行的项目，分三个阶段进行挖掘。同样，基于文本来源和物理数据的地理日期地图的创建将指导进一步的考古实地工作。

The Ilkhanid dynasty (c. 1256-1335), founded by Chingiz Khan’s grandson Hülegü, had a deep and long-lasting impact on the political, social, demographic and cultural condition of Iran. For the first time after the Islamic conquest in the 7th century, Iran regained the status of a distinct political-territorial entity. The Ilkhanid polity was encircled by hostile neighbors (Mamluks, the Mongol rulers of the Golden Horde and of the Ulus Chaghatay) – a situation that resulted in territorial confinement. The influx and permanent stay of a great mass of Mongols and Turks of pastoral nomad background into a habitat characterized by agriculture and sedentariness meant a considerable challenge for the conquerors and the conquered alike. Entanglement between Mongol and Iranian elites was the result. Therefore phenomena and processes of resilience and integration can be observed on both sides. For maintenance of their nomadic lifestyle the Mongols had to concentrate in areas favorable to pastoral nomadism, i.e. the northern and northwestern territories of the Iranian highland. The Iranian administrative elite were constantly on the move together with the center of power, the royal encampment (ordu). The Ilkhanid rulers turned out to be passionate builders. They commissioned buildings alongside their seasonal routes of migration and initiated urban development or even the founding of new cities – directly as patrons or indirectly via their Iranian administrators. In the wake of earthquakes, war and deliberate demolition only few architectural or archaeological remnants of the Mongol period are still visible. This situation is aggravated by the fact that Iranian research has rarely considered the Mongol period a rewarding topic.For a better understanding of spatial concepts, patterns of migration and urban development our transdisciplinary project will evaluate textual and archaeological evidence. Spotting and mapping the routes of migration and the sites of seasonal dwellings into a geo-dated map is a first objective of the project. The resulting map will be used as a basis for selective field research. One promising site is the vicinity of Bustanabad (60 km SE Tabriz), which preliminary soundings suggest as the location of the important seasonal residence of Ujan. Mongol agency in urban development is also reflected in the narrative and documentary sources of the period. In Tabriz, archaeological exploration of one of the largest pious foundation complexes of the period, the Rabʿ-i Rashīdī, is under way in a German-Iranian project. In this case, too, textual and archaeological evidence complement each other. The present application aims at expanding and supplementing the ongoing project, with excavations in three campaigns. Again, the creation of a geo-dated map based on textual sources and physical data will guide further archaeological field work.