Parental gender socialization across diverse families: Interdependencies with sex hormones, family processes and socio-political context

在现代后工业社会，性别平等主义信仰和做法的变化速度因领域而异，这被概念化为一场不完整的性别革命。可能的解释一方面与持续的性别本质主义信念和日益增长的自我表达的价值观或选择规范有关，另一方面与对生物性别差异的神经科学研究有关。这个项目试图通过调查儿童如何形成他们的性别信仰、兴趣和职业抱负来阐明性别关系代际变化的过程。它将性别社会化和生物性别差异的理论与生命过程的观点结合起来。首先，该项目探索了父母社会化的影响如何随着孩子对产前性激素的暴露而变化。其次，这项研究揭示了背景差异，特别是父母社会化的影响如何在家庭结构、同伴网络和性别文化中有所不同。研究结构和种族多元化家庭中儿童的愿望将提供新的见解，因为其中一些家庭面临更大的经济限制和工作与护理冲突，这可能会减少性别本质主义和自我表现价值观的影响。为了研究性激素与父母在儿童时期的性别社会化的相互作用，该项目的第一部分借鉴了雅芳对父母和孩子的纵向研究。这项研究收集了血液样本中的荷尔蒙指标，并对布里斯托尔的儿童及其父母从出生前到成年前进行了纵向调查。为了探索父母的性别社会化在双亲、单亲和继父母家庭中的影响如何变化，这些家庭的联系安排和亲子关系不同，该项目的第二部分使用了英国千禧年队列研究的数据，该研究对从出生到17岁的儿童进行了大量具有代表性的样本。该项目的第三部分调查了父母和同龄人如何影响德国、英国、荷兰和瑞典移民和土著青年的性别意识形态、做法和职业抱负。基于在四个欧洲国家进行的移民子女纵向研究，它分析了父母的影响如何随着性别信仰和同学的愿望以及跨性别文化的社交网络的不同而变化。关于职业隔离和性别文化的国家一级信息丰富了所有三个个人一级的小组数据集。结合起来，该项目的三个部分将提供新的证据，证明父母的性别社会化与生物倾向和社会环境之间的相互依存。

The pace of change towards gender egalitarian beliefs and practices have varied across domains in modern post-industrial societies, which has been conceptualised as an incomplete gender revolution. Possible explanations relate to persistent gender essentialist beliefs and increasing self-expressive values or norms of choices on the one hand and to neuro-scientific research on biological sex differences on the other. This project seeks to illuminate the process of intergenerational change in gender relations by investigating how children form their gender beliefs, interests and occupational aspirations. It combines theories of gender socialisation and biological sex differences with a life course perspective. First, the project explores how the influence of parental socialization varies by children’s exposure to prenatal sex hormones. Second, the study sheds new light on contextual variations, especially how the influence of parental socialization differs across family structures, peer networks, and gender cultures. Studying aspirations of children in structurally and ethnically diverse families will provide new insights, as some of these families face greater economic constraints and work-care conflict, which may reduce the influence of gender essentialism and self-expressive values. To investigate the interplay of sex hormones with parental gender socialisation across childhood, the first part of the project draws on the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. This study collected hormonal measures from blood samples alongside longitudinal survey measures of children and their parents in Bristol from before birth until young adulthood. To explore how the influence of gender socialisation by parents varies between two-parent, single-parent and stepparent families with varying contact arrangement and parent-child-relationships, the second part of the project draws on data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study following a large representative sample of children from birth to age 17. The third part of the project investigates how parents and peers shape gender ideologies, practices and occupational aspirations among immigrant and native youth in Germany, England, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Based on the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study in Four European Countries, it analyses how parental influences vary depending on gender beliefs and aspirations of classmates and social networks across gender cultures. All three individual-level panel data sets are enriched by country-level information on occupational segregation and gender cultures. In combination, the three parts of the project will provide novel evidence of the interdependence of parental gender socialisation with biological predispositions and with the social environment.