Parental gender socialization across diverse families: Interdependencies with sex hormones, family processes and socio-political context

在现代后工业社会中，性别平等主义信仰和实践的变化步伐在各个领域有所不同，这被概念化为一场不完整的性别革命。可能的解释一方面与持久的性别本质主义信念和不断增加的自我表达价值或选择规范有关，另一方面与生物性别差异的神经科学研究有关。该项目旨在通过调查儿童如何形成其性别信仰、兴趣和职业抱负，阐明性别关系的代际变化过程。它结合了性别社会化理论和生物性别差异与生命历程的观点。首先，该项目探讨了父母社会化对儿童产前性激素暴露的影响。其次，该研究揭示了背景差异，特别是父母社会化的影响在家庭结构、同伴网络和性别文化中是如何不同的。研究结构和种族多样化家庭中儿童的愿望将提供新的见解，因为其中一些家庭面临更大的经济限制和工作照顾冲突，这可能会减少性别本质主义和自我表达价值观的影响。为了调查性激素与童年时期父母性别社会化的相互作用，该项目的第一部分利用了雅芳父母和儿童纵向研究。这项研究收集了布里斯托尔儿童及其父母从出生前到成年早期的血液样本和纵向调查数据。为了探索父母对性别社会化的影响在不同接触安排和亲子关系的双亲、单亲和继父母家庭之间是如何变化的，该项目的第二部分利用了英国千年队列研究的数据，该研究对从出生到17岁的儿童进行了大量代表性样本。该项目的第三部分调查了父母和同龄人如何在德国、英国、荷兰和瑞典的移民和本地青年中塑造性别意识形态、实践和职业抱负。基于四个欧洲国家的移民子女纵向研究，它分析了父母的影响如何根据性别文化中同学的性别信仰和愿望以及社会网络而变化。关于职业隔离和性别文化的国家一级信息丰富了所有三个个人一级的小组数据集。结合起来，该项目的三个部分将提供新的证据，证明父母性别社会化与生物倾向和社会环境之间的相互依存关系。

The pace of change towards gender egalitarian beliefs and practices have varied across domains in modern post-industrial societies, which has been conceptualised as an incomplete gender revolution. Possible explanations relate to persistent gender essentialist beliefs and increasing self-expressive values or norms of choices on the one hand and to neuro-scientific research on biological sex differences on the other. This project seeks to illuminate the process of intergenerational change in gender relations by investigating how children form their gender beliefs, interests and occupational aspirations. It combines theories of gender socialisation and biological sex differences with a life course perspective. First, the project explores how the influence of parental socialization varies by children’s exposure to prenatal sex hormones. Second, the study sheds new light on contextual variations, especially how the influence of parental socialization differs across family structures, peer networks, and gender cultures. Studying aspirations of children in structurally and ethnically diverse families will provide new insights, as some of these families face greater economic constraints and work-care conflict, which may reduce the influence of gender essentialism and self-expressive values. To investigate the interplay of sex hormones with parental gender socialisation across childhood, the first part of the project draws on the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. This study collected hormonal measures from blood samples alongside longitudinal survey measures of children and their parents in Bristol from before birth until young adulthood. To explore how the influence of gender socialisation by parents varies between two-parent, single-parent and stepparent families with varying contact arrangement and parent-child-relationships, the second part of the project draws on data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study following a large representative sample of children from birth to age 17. The third part of the project investigates how parents and peers shape gender ideologies, practices and occupational aspirations among immigrant and native youth in Germany, England, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Based on the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study in Four European Countries, it analyses how parental influences vary depending on gender beliefs and aspirations of classmates and social networks across gender cultures. All three individual-level panel data sets are enriched by country-level information on occupational segregation and gender cultures. In combination, the three parts of the project will provide novel evidence of the interdependence of parental gender socialisation with biological predispositions and with the social environment.