Population structure and segregation analysis of multiple markers in domestic animals and poultry.

分子遗传学的发展集中在一类新的遗传标记上。DNA指纹技术（DFP）提供了一种比较个体DNA特征的方法。为获得清晰的DNA指纹并利用噬菌体m13探针检测鸡的变异，对白来角、名古屋、三川种鸡及其F1子代进行了亲本鉴定。F1的所有条带都来自亲本中的任何一方。他们的品种（白来角鸡、长屋鸡、三川鸡）和合成鸡的DNA指纹图谱显示，它们的条带模式对每个个体都是特定的。与这些带状图案的比较表明，这种图案在品种内部比品种之间更相似。因此，DNA指纹图谱不仅可用于识别个体和亲代，而且可用于区分鸡的品种。为了阐明不同犬种和种群的系统发育关系，采用了mtDNA限制性内切酶（RFLP）模式。从血液中提取dna后，进行南血杂交。以Apa I和Eco RV作为限制性内切酶，在琉球犬、济州岛犬、西巴犬、比格犬和德国牧羊犬中发现了该模式的种内变异。利用四碱基限制性内切酶Hint 1，在比格犬和德国牧羊犬中发现了种间和种内变异，在松狮犬和指示犬中发现了种间变异。对日本犬、亚洲犬（除日本外）和欧洲犬的mtDNA切割模式进行比较，发现它们的切割模式没有一致的趋势。

Developments in molecular genetics focused interest on a new class of genetic markers. The technique of DNA fingerprinting(DFP)has provided a method of comparing DNA characteristics of individuals.For obtaining clear DNA fingerprint and detecting variation with the bacteriophage M 13 probe in chickens, parentage test was carried out with fingerprints of White Leghorn, Nagoya, Mikawa species and their F1 offspring. All bands of F1 were always originated from either parent. DNA fingerpriuting always of their breeds(White Leghorn, Nagaya, Mikawa)and synthetic chicken showed that their banding pattern is specific to each individual. Comparison with these banding patterns suggested the pattern is more similar within breeds than between breeds. Thus, DNA fingerprinting is useful not only for identifying the individual and parent-offspring but also for classifying the breeds of chickens.To elucidate phylogenetic relationships of various dog breeds and populations mtDNA restriction enzyme cleavage(RFLP)patterns were employed. After DNAs were extracted from blood, southern blood hybridization was performed. The intrabreed variation of the pattern was found in Ryukyu dogs, Chejudo dogs, Siba dogs, Beagles and German Shephereds by Apa I and Eco RV used as restriction enzymes. By use of four-base restriction enzyme Hint 1, the inter-breed and intra-breed variations were found in Beagles and German Shepherds, and the inter-breed variation was found in Chow Chow and pointer. The comparison of mtDNA cleavage patterns among Japanese dogs, Asian(except Japan)dogs and European dogs show no consistent trend among the patterns.