System Modernization of Large Scale Paddy Irrigation

近年来，人们认识到，大规模水稻灌溉工程最重要的是改善三元水和农田水管理。本文以位于日本中部的爱知县宫田裕水土地改良区(宫田盖)为研究对象。20世纪70年代，指挥区及周边地区的快速城市化造成了灌溉系统运行和维护方面的一系列问题，包括OM工人招聘困难，城市面积扩大造成的垃圾和污水的水污染，收入减少和运行LID的成本增加。宫田盖和其他一些盖子决定修复他们的主要设施(包括用管道取代明渠)，并安装具有集中控制系统的遥测控制和监测单元。该系统不是由计算机自动确定何时浇水、灌水量…的优化配水系统将土壤水分凹陷与气象资料相结合，可以得到更多的应用。只有主要建筑物才能从偏远的中心站点进行控制和监控。NIONDERN系统使运河系统的操作和维护变得容易，并且节省了劳动力。宫田盖对其使用管道系统防止水污染感到满意，但也出现了一些意想不到的问题。小的闸门/阀门和许多没有配备TC/TM装置的直接进水口造成了系统中的水分配不平衡。管道系统带来了农业返回流再利用系统的损失。可供回流的水源已经丧失。这些问题需要更多的OM工人。此外，由于灌溉计划没有改变，盖子运营商和农民仍然没有从该系统中获得充分的好处。为了成功实现现代化，应更多地关注与新系统(硬件)相关的体制问题(软件)。较少

Recently, it has been understood that improvement of tertiaries and on-farm water management are most important for large scale paddy irrigation projects. The Miyata Yosui Land Improvement District (the Miyata LID) in Aichi Prefecture, located in central Japan is used as a case study in this paper. During the 1970s, rapid urbanization in and around the command area caused a ntimbei, of problems in the operation and maintenance of the irrigation system, including difficulty in recruiting OM workers, water contamination by trash and effltient fron)the expanding city area, decreasing income and increasing costs in running the LID.The Miyata LID and some other LIDs decided to rehabilitate their main facilities (including replacement of open ditches with pipelines) and install telemetric control and monitoring units with a centralizing control system. This system is not an optimizing water distribution system which automatically determined by computer when to irrigate and how much water sho … More uld be, applied linking soil water depression and meteorological data. Only major structures are controlled and monitored from the remote central site.The niodern system has made it easy to operate and maintain the canal system, and is labor conserving. The Miyata LID has been satisfied with its use of the pipeline system to prevent water contamination, however, some unexpected problems have arisen. Small gates/valves and many direct inlets which were not equipped with TC/TM units caused imbalances of water distribution in the system. The pipeline system brought about the loss of the reuse system of agricultural return flow. The available water source of return flow has been lost. These problems neccesitate additional OM workers. Also, as irrigation scheduling has not been altered, LID operators and farmers have still not reaped full benefit from the system. For the success of modernization, more attention should be directed towards institutional matters (soft ware) related to the new system (hard ware). Less