Iconographic Study of Pala Art in India

我们研究的主要主题是对印度帕拉王朝的各种佛像（如来）的肖像研究。首先，我们收集了大量的帕拉时期雕塑的摄影资料，并根据图像学的观点对这些资料进行分类。由于这种重新排列的结果，帕拉王朝的佛像（如来）的图像系统被澄清如下。1)未来的释迦牟尼战胜魔罗，以及他的其他七个生活场景。2)独立的释迦牟尼形象，代表他的八个生活场景。3)佛教三位一体：佛和两侧的菩萨。“释迦牟尼-观音-弥勒”型的雕塑最受欢迎。4)佛祖。5)门的门楣、底座和光圈上雕刻着五尊密佛（毗罗迦那佛、阿克索比亚佛、腊那森巴瓦佛、阿弥陀佛和阿莫伽西提佛）。6) Vairocana, Aksobhya， Ratnasambhava和Amoghasiddhi的独立佛像

The chief theme of our research is an iconographic study of various kinds of the Buddha(Tathagata) of Pala dynasty in India. At first we collected a lot of photographic materials of the sculptures of Pala period and classified these materials according to an iconographic point of view. As a result of this rearrangement the iconographic system of the Buddha(Tathagata) of Pala dynasty has been clarified as following.1) Buddha-to-be Sakyamuni triumphing over Mara, with his seven other life scenes.2) Free standing Sakyamuni image representing each of his eight life scenes.3) Buddhist triad: Buddha with two flanking Bodhisattvas. The sculptures of "SAKYAMUNI-Avalokitesvara-Maitreya" type are most popular.4) Crowned Buddha. Most of the crowned Buddhas are Sakyamuni.5) Five esoteric Buddhas (Vairocana, Aksobhya, Ratnasambhava, Amitabha and Amoghasiddhi) carved of the lintel of the door, and the base and aureole of the sculptures.6) Free standing Buddha images identified with Vairocana, Aksobhya, Ratnasambhava and Amoghasiddhi