Aspects of Religious Arts in Ancient India: Genesis and Development of the Religious Architectures and Arts

本研究旨在探讨印度宗教艺术的艺术特征，重点考察古代印度佛教建筑艺术的起源与发展，并考察其在印度文化中的独特性。因此，我们对上述术语进行了实地研究，并收集了尽可能多的佛教、印度教和斋戒教的宗教场所、建筑和雕塑的例子；2002财年，我们分别调查了印度中部地区马迪亚邦和恰蒂斯加尔邦。然后，在2003财年，我们在印度西部，主要是古吉拉特邦和拉贾斯坦邦进行了研究之旅。2004财年，我们在南印度进行了调查，研究佛教、印度教和斋戒教的纪念碑遗址、建筑和雕塑，以及几个博物馆的藏品。在2005财年的最后一年，我们对马哈拉施特拉邦的考古古迹进行了调查，收集了著名洞穴和小型洞穴的数据，这些数据对岩石-cu…的研究很有吸引力。根据对田野调查的详细观察和上述研究人员的研究，有四个问题需要指出：(1)关于印度岩石切割洞穴的发展，传统上分为两类，即所谓的公元前2~3年间出土的以前的洞穴和公元5世纪中叶至8世纪中叶至8世纪期间出土的“后期洞穴”。然而，我们的深入研究表明，按照时间顺序，还有一组人被称为中间一族。然后，对结构转换及其年代学的回顾进行了更仔细的研究。(2)Konkan地区的那些遗址，在地形上位于农村地区，但在那些洞穴被发掘的同时，那些经济繁荣的遗址，位于沿海地区和内陆城市之间的贸易路线上。(3)维哈拉的结构与佛塔崇拜和佛像相互关联(4)在Konkan地区的一些遗址中发现了一些重要的图像，即Kuda洞的佛三位一体和Panhale Kaji洞的Acaranatha，在考虑大乘佛教和深奥佛教在印度的发展时，这两者都是重要的来源。较少

The purpose of our research is to explore the artistic features of the religious art in India, focusing on the genesis and development of the Buddhist architectures and arts in the ancient India and review their uniqueness in the Indian culture. Therefore, we conducted the field research for the above term and collected as many examples of the religious sites, architectures and sculptures of Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism as possible; respectively, in FY 2002 we surveyed the central India; Madya Pradesh and Chattisgarh. Then, in FY 2003, we held our research tour in Western India, mainly Gujarat, Rajasthan. In FY 2004, we surveyed in South India to research the monumental sites, architectures and sculptures of Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism, and the collections of several museums. In the final FY 2005, we investigated the archaeological monuments in Maharashtra and collected the data of not only the well-known caves but also the minor caves, which are intriguing in the study of rock-cu … More t caves in India.Based on detailed observations at the field research and the studies by the above investigators, there are four to be pointed out; (1) as for the development of rock-cut caves in India, they has been conventionally divided into two groups, namely so called 'former caves' excavated during 2 B.C.〜3 A.D. and the 'later caves' during the middle of fifth century to eight century. However, our intimate research reveals that there is one more group to be called Middle ones chronologically. Then, there is more careful study to be done for the review of the structural transition and its chronology (2) those sites in the Konkan district, where are topographically located in rural area, but at one time when those caves had been excavated, those flourished economically, located just on the trade-routes between the coast area and the inland cities (3) the structure of viharas and the worship of stupas and the Buddha images are mutually correlated (4) some important images are found in some sites in the Konkan district, namely Buddha trinity in Kuda cave and Acaranatha in Panhale Kaji cave, both of which can be significant sources in considering the development of Mahayana Buddhism and the esoteric Buddhism in India. Less