Some Transformations in European Sociology : From the sociology of Knowledge perspective

本课题试图阐明一群社会学家的“智力生产”的某些方面，他们经历了双重变化，即20世纪20-30年代的欧洲交替和相应的文化-社会转型。换言之，我们从知识社会学的角度，着眼于历史和结构的变化，分析他们的科学成就与周围的历史文化社会状况之间的关系。我们的研究成果如下。1.通过将法国社会学家的成就--哈尔布瓦赫、格尔维奇和列维-施特劳斯的著作--与他们自己的后裔、职业地位以及他们对极权主义和社会主义的态度联系起来，我们考察了他们是如何看待欧洲社会/原始社会、一元论社会/多元社会观、静态社会形象/动态社会形象之间的二元对立的。2.通过将德国难民社会学家的成就--曼海姆、霍克海默和阿多诺的著作--与他们自己的后裔-职业-地位联系起来，我们考察了他们对大众社会类型(德国类型和美国类型)的经历是如何产生他们自己的“理论变革”的。3.从上述考察可以看出，法国社会学的变革是对涂尔干社会学体系建立的几次回应，这些变革发生在学科(社会学)及其制度化的层面上。此外，德国社会学的转型也是由于对德式和美式大众社会差异的敏感所致。因此，在从知识社会学的视角分析欧洲社会学时，必须考虑“纪律”、“制度化”、“大众社会”和“知识分子”等因素。

This project attempts to elucidate some aspects of "intellectual productions" by a group of sociologists who experienced a double change, that is, the European alternation of the 1920-30s and the corresponding cultural-social transformation. In other words, focusing on histrical and structural change, we analyze the relation between their scientific achievements and the surrounding historical cultural-social situations from the sociology of knowledge perspective. Our research results are as follows. 1. By relating French sociologists' achivements-works of Halbwachs, Gurvitch, and Levi-Strauss-to their own descents-careers-statuses, and to their attitudes towards totalitarianism and socialism, we examined how they had thought of the binary oppositions between European society/primitive society, monistic idea of society/pluralistic idea of it, static image of society/dynamic image of it. 2. By relating refugee German sociologists' achivements-works of Mannheim, Horkheimer and Adorno-to their own descents-careers-statuses, we examined how their experiences of types of mass society (German type and American one) had generated their own "theoretical transformations". 3. It follows from the above examinations that transformations of French sociology were several responses to the establishment of Durkheim's sociological system and those transformations occurred at the level of discipline (sociology) and its institutionalization. Also transformations of German sociology resulted from the sensitivities to the difference between German type and American type of mass society. Thus, it will be important to pay attention to the historical and critical senses of society and sociology, which German intellectuals had.Consequently, on analysing European sociology from sociology of knowledge perspective, we must take account of such factors as "discipline", "institutionalization", "mass society" and "intellectuals".