X'-SEMANTICS

我提出了一种新的语义框架，它由基于X模式的语义规则组成，这些规则生成谓词特别是动词的基本语义结构。这些基本的语义结构通过语义规则转化为与句法形式相联系的“表层”语义结构：在提出的语义框架中，有深层语义结构和表层语义结构两个语义层次。前者通过谓语提升、常量合并、语义合并等规则与后者相关。这是对现有语义模型的重要偏离之一。语义规则生成基本（深层）语义结构，这些结构决定动词的基本意义。然而，许多动词除了有基本意义外，还有派生意义。这些派生意义可以作为语义规则引起的语义扩展的结果在该框架中得到解释。作为语义扩展的一个例子，我考察了英语中的结果结构，并认为结果结构应该从语义合并的角度作为语义衍生结构来分析。在X语义中，语义结构不是静态的，而是动态的；它们经历了各种语义规则。基于这种语义结构观点，本文提出中间结构是由语义被动规则推导出来的，该规则适用于涉及谓语CAUSE和DO的语义结构。这一分析对中间结构的被动意义、静态性等特性做出了正确的预测。

I proposed the new framework of semantics which consists of semantic rules based on X'-schemata which generate basic semantic structures of predicates, especially verbs. These basic semantic structures are transformed by semantic rules into "surface" semantic structures, which are linked to syntactic forms : in the proposed semantic framework, there are two semantic levels, deep semantic structures and surface ones. The former are related to the latter by rules such as predicate-raising, constant-incorporation, semantic conflation, and others. This is one of the crucial departures from the existing models of semantics.The X'-semantic rules generate basic (deep) semantic structures which account for basic meanings of verbs. However, many verbs have derived meanings as well as basic ones. These derived meaning can be accounted for in this framework as a result of semantic extension caused by semantic rules. As an instance of semantic extension, I examined resultative constructuions in English and argued that resultative constructuions should be analyzed as semantically derived sturctures in terms of semantic conflation.In X'-semantics, semantic structures are not static but dynamic ; they undergo various kinds of semantic rules. Based on this view of semantic structures, I proposed that middle constructions are derived by the semantic passive rule which applies the semantic structures involving predicates CAUSE and DO.This analysis makes the correct prediction about passive meaning, stativity, and other poroperties of middle constructions.