X'-SEMANTICS

提出了新的语义学框架，它由基于X '-图式的语义规则组成，这些语义规则生成谓词尤其是动词的基本语义结构。这些基本语义结构通过语义规则转化为与句法形式相联系的“表层”语义结构：在所提出的语义框架中，存在两个语义层次，即深层语义结构和表层语义结构。前者与后者通过谓词提升、常量并入、语义合并等规则相联系。这是对现有语义学模型的一个重要的偏离。X '-语义规则产生基本（深层）语义结构，解释动词的基本含义。然而，许多动词既有基本意义又有派生意义。这些派生意义可以在这个框架中解释为语义规则引起的语义扩展的结果。作为语义扩展的一个例子，本文考察了英语中的结果结构，认为结果结构应该从语义合并的角度来分析，在X '-语义学中，语义结构不是静态的，而是动态的，它们经历着各种语义规则。基于这一语义结构观，笔者提出了中动结构是由语义被动规则派生出来的，该规则适用于含有谓词CAUSE和DO的语义结构，并对中动结构的被动意义、静态性等性质做出了正确的预测。

I proposed the new framework of semantics which consists of semantic rules based on X'-schemata which generate basic semantic structures of predicates, especially verbs. These basic semantic structures are transformed by semantic rules into "surface" semantic structures, which are linked to syntactic forms : in the proposed semantic framework, there are two semantic levels, deep semantic structures and surface ones. The former are related to the latter by rules such as predicate-raising, constant-incorporation, semantic conflation, and others. This is one of the crucial departures from the existing models of semantics.The X'-semantic rules generate basic (deep) semantic structures which account for basic meanings of verbs. However, many verbs have derived meanings as well as basic ones. These derived meaning can be accounted for in this framework as a result of semantic extension caused by semantic rules. As an instance of semantic extension, I examined resultative constructuions in English and argued that resultative constructuions should be analyzed as semantically derived sturctures in terms of semantic conflation.In X'-semantics, semantic structures are not static but dynamic ; they undergo various kinds of semantic rules. Based on this view of semantic structures, I proposed that middle constructions are derived by the semantic passive rule which applies the semantic structures involving predicates CAUSE and DO.This analysis makes the correct prediction about passive meaning, stativity, and other poroperties of middle constructions.