Study on Theory and Practices of Agricultural-environmental Policy in Germany

20世纪60年代以来，欧共体国家的集约化农业生产造成了地下水污染、生物多样性丧失、农田侵蚀和景观简单化等负面外部效应。农业需要一个环境政策--农业环境政策。德国巴登-符腾堡省的三个计划，即(1)“Biotop-Vernetzung”计划(1991-)，(2)“Wasserpfenning”计划(1988-)和(3)“Meka”(Markentlastantgs-und Kulturland schaftsausgleich)计划(1992-)超前于1992年欧共体共同农业政策改革而形成的农业环境政策。它们本质上是农业生产的延伸计划：减少每公顷农业生产要素的投入，如化肥、化肥、植保产品和牲畜等多种资源节约型轮作…的实践与思考更多的离子。Biotop-Vernetzung计划(生物区联网计划)旨在通过减少粪肥、化肥和植物保护产品的投入，或通过对田地进行树篱保护，在田野和草原的边缘创造生物区(野生动物栖息地)。水污染防治计划(水污染保护计划)旨在通过在水污染保护区的农田和草原上限制粪肥和植物保护产品来改善地下水质量。MEKA计划(过度生产抑制和景观改善计划)旨在通过农业实践促进对农田和草原的环境友好利用，以提高土壤和水的质量，保护干湿土地，改善土壤、水和能源保护，恢复野生动物栖息地。这些计划的推广实践可以减少集约农业生产的各种负面外部影响，如地下水污染、生物多样性减少、农田侵蚀和景观简化。如果农业环境政策框架内的外延导致收入损失，农民将得到政府直接支付的补偿。较少

The intensive agricultural production in the European Community countries since 1960s caused ground water pollution, loss of biological diversity, erosion of fields and simplification of landscape, which are called as the negative external effects. An environmental policy was required in agriculture : the agricultural-environmental policy.Three programs of Province Baden-Wuerttemberg in Germany, namely (1) "Biotop-Vernetzung" Program (1991-), (2) "Wasserpfenning" Program (1988-) and (3) "MEKA" (Marktentlastungs- und Kulturlandschaftsausgleich)" Program (1992-) go ahead of the regular formation of agricultural-environmental policy by the Reform of Common Agricultural Policy of the European Community in 1992.They are essentially the programs of extensification of agricultural production : the reduction of input of agricultural production factors per hectare such as manure and fertilizer, plant protection products and livestocks, and practices of diversified resource-conserving crop rotat … More ions. The Biotop-Vernetzung Program (biotope networking program) aims to create biotope (wildlife habitat) on the edges of fields and grasslands by means of reduction of input of manure and fertilizer and plant protection products, or by means of hedging a field. The Wasserpfenning Program (water pollution protecting program) aims to improve the ground water quality by means of restriction of manure and fertilizer and plant protection products on the fields and grasslands in the water pollution protection areas. The MEKA Program (over-production discouraging and landscape improving program) aims to promote an environmentally-compatible use of fields and grasslands in a holistic way by agricultural practices that enhance soil and water quality, protect wet anddry lands, improve soil, water, and energy conservation, and restore wildlife habitat.Various negative external effects of intensive agricultural production, such as ground water pollution, decrease of biological diversity, erosion of fields and simplification of landscape could be diminished by the extensification practices of these programs. If the extensification in the framework of agricultural-environmental policy causes a loss in income, farmers will be compensated for it with the direct payments by the government. Less