Conceptual Integration of Agriculture and Landscape and its Relevance for Consequent Understandings of the Agri-environmental Benefits

农业和景观在概念上的结合使理解农业环境效益成为可能。农业活动同时生产农产品和农业景观(农业空间、农业区域)，农业活动(内部经济)对农业景观(农业空间或农业区域)的三个要素，即无机要素(土壤、水、空气)、有机要素(植物和动物)、审美要素(景观要素多样化、轮作、田间绿篱)产生外部效应(外部经济或外部经济)，外部经济与非经济是连续的，它的边界被称为“良好农业行为准则”，其程度不仅取决于自然科学的标准，而且还取决于农民对环境的产权的政治方面，因此它的水平首先接近于农业的现状。现在，这一规范已经成为农民的义务，农民必须遵守该规范进行耕作。如果农民的耕作过于集约化(远远超出规范的水平)，以至于污染了农业景观(环境)的要素，他必须自己支付环境恢复成本(污染者自付原则)。如果农民的耕作对环境友好，从而有助于农业景观的环境效益，政府将向他支付额外的耕作成本(公共收费原则)。这种由政府直接向农民支付的款项被称为环境补贴，它们是在农业环境项目内进行的。

The conceptual integration of agriculture and landscape makes it possible to understand consequently the agri-environmental benefits. With this integration the following facts will be logically proved : the agricultural activities produce agricultural products and agricultural landscape (agricultural space, agricultural region) at the same time, and the agricultural activities (the internal economy) cause the external effects (the external economies or external dis-economies) on three elements of the agricultural landscape (agricultural space or agricultural region), namely on the inorganic element (soil, water, air), oh the organic element (plants and animals), and aesthetic element (diversification of landscape elements, crop rotation, hedges on the field, ponds etc.).The external economies and dis-economies are successive and its boundary is called as "the code of good agricultural practice", whose level will be determined not only by the criterion of natural science, but also from a political aspect of property right of farmers on the environment, and therefore its level stands at first near the present condition of the farming. Now this code has become an obligation for farmers and farmer must conduct their farming in compliance with the code. If a farmer practices his farming so intensive (far beyond the level of the code) that he contaminates the elements of the agricultural landscape (the environment), he must pay the recovery costs of the environment himself (Polluter Pays Principle). If a farmer conducts his farming so environment-friendly that his farming contributes to the environmental benefits of the agricultural landscape, he will be paid for his additional costs of farming by the government (Public Charge Principle). This type of the direct payments to farmers by the government is called as the environmental payments and they are performed within an agri-environmental program.