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Conceptual Integration of Agriculture and Landscape and its Relevance for Consequent Understandings of the Agri-environmental Benefits

农业与景观的概念整合及其与农业环境效益的后续理解的相关性

基本信息

批准号：
13660221
负责人：
YOKOGAWA Hiroshi
金额：
$ 2.3万
依托单位：
KYUSHU UNIVERSITY
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
2001
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2001 至 2002
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

The conceptual integration of agriculture and landscape makes it possible to understand consequently the agri-environmental benefits. With this integration the following facts will be logically proved : the agricultural activities produce agricultural products and agricultural landscape (agricultural space, agricultural region) at the same time, and the agricultural activities (the internal economy) cause the external effects (the external economies or external dis-economies) on three elements of the agricultural landscape (agricultural space or agricultural region), namely on the inorganic element (soil, water, air), oh the organic element (plants and animals), and aesthetic element (diversification of landscape elements, crop rotation, hedges on the field, ponds etc.).The external economies and dis-economies are successive and its boundary is called as "the code of good agricultural practice", whose level will be determined not only by the criterion of natural science, but also from a political aspect of property right of farmers on the environment, and therefore its level stands at first near the present condition of the farming. Now this code has become an obligation for farmers and farmer must conduct their farming in compliance with the code. If a farmer practices his farming so intensive (far beyond the level of the code) that he contaminates the elements of the agricultural landscape (the environment), he must pay the recovery costs of the environment himself (Polluter Pays Principle). If a farmer conducts his farming so environment-friendly that his farming contributes to the environmental benefits of the agricultural landscape, he will be paid for his additional costs of farming by the government (Public Charge Principle). This type of the direct payments to farmers by the government is called as the environmental payments and they are performed within an agri-environmental program.

农业与景观的概念整合使得理解农业环境效益成为可能。通过这种整合，以下事实将在逻辑上得到证明：农业活动同时生产农产品和农业景观（农业空间、农业区域），农业活动（内部经济）对农业景观（农业空间或农业区域）的三个要素产生外部效应（外部经济或外部非经济），即对无机元素（土壤、水、空气）、有机元素（植物、动物）的影响；美学元素（景观元素多样化、作物轮作、田间树篱、池塘等）。外部经济和非经济是连续的，其边界被称为“良好农业实践规范”，其水平既要用自然科学的标准来确定，也要从农民对环境产权的政治层面来确定，因此其水平首先接近于农业现状。现在这个准则已经成为农民的一项义务，农民必须按照这个准则进行耕作。如果一个农民的耕作强度过大（远远超出了守则的规定），以致污染了农业景观的要素（环境），他必须自己支付环境的恢复费用（污染者付费原则）。如果农民的耕作方式对环境友好，对农业景观的环境效益有所贡献，那么政府将支付他的额外耕作成本（公共负担原则）。这种由政府直接支付给农民的款项被称为环境补贴，是在一个农业环境项目中进行的。