Study on the New Era of the European Agriculture Under the Trade Liberalization and the Strategy of "Sustainable Development of Agriculture in Each Rural Community"

欧洲农业的新时代大约开始于20世纪80年代中期。新时代的基本组成部分是：(1)农业政策与环境政策的结合，即欧盟共同农业政策中农业-环境政策的新形成；(2)收入政策与生产政策的脱钩，即一方面大幅削减价格补贴，作为补偿；另一方面，直接向农民支付收入，(3)应用新的生产技术，即发展可持续（生态、生物、有机）农业，(4)促进农民面向游客的副业，如农村养老和农产品和自制产品的直销，即在农村发展所谓的绿色旅游（乡村旅游，农业旅游）。20世纪80年代中期以来的欧洲农业新时代意味着农业多功能的多元化发展，需要一种新的农业保护理念，即采用政府对农民的保护与农民对环境保护的承诺相结合的新型农业政策。另一种农业政策旨在保护欠发达地区的农民。这些新保护措施的常用手段是向农民直接支付收入。因此，对农民的直接收入支付有三种类型：(1)作为价格下降的补偿，(2)作为环境保护的酬金，(3)作为对不受优惠地区的不利条件的调整。此外，在欧盟似乎是一个工业和农业平衡发展的政治概念，这一概念可能有助于欧盟食品自给率高。

The new era of the european agriculture began about the middle of 1980's. The essential components of the new era are(1) the combination of the agricultural policy and the environmental policy, namely the new formation of the agri-environmental policy in the CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) of the European Union,(2) the de-coupling of the income policy from the production policy, namely a drastic reduction of the price subsidies on the one side and, as its compensation, the direct income-payments to the farmers on the other side,(3) the application of the new technics of production, namely a development of the sustainable (ecological, biological, organic) farming,(4) the promotion of the farmers side-businesses for tourists such as country-side pensions and direct-marketing of the agricultural and homemade products, namely a development of so-called green tourism (rural tourism, agri-tourism) in the rural areas.The new era of the european agriculture since the middle of 1980's means therefore a manifold development of the multi-functions of agriculture, and then needs a new protection concept of agriculture by means of a new type of agricultural policy which applies the method of cross-compliance (combination) of the governmental protection of farmers and the farmers promises of the protection of environment. Another type of agricultural policy aims at the protection of the farmers in the less favored regions. The common tool applied for these new protections is the direct income-payments to farmers.Consequently there are three types of direct income-payments to farmers : (1) as compensation for the price down, (2) as honorarium for the environmental protection, (3) as adjustment for the handicap in theless favored regions.In addition it seems in the European Union to be a political concept of the well-balanced development of industry and agriculture, and this concept may contribute to a high rate of the self-sufficiency of food in the EU.