Adaptive Mechanisms of Plant-Ant Interaction and its Evolutionary-Ecological Implications

(1)本文报道了日本四种温带森林多年生植物种子脱落体的化学引诱剂。例如，Erythronium japonicum、Trillium kamtschaticum、Chloranthus sp. serratus，进行了严格的分析，并进行了行为生物测定，以化学鉴定负责相互作用的引诱剂。对水溶性组分和CHCl_3/MeOH提取物进行了分析，HPLC分析表明，四种植物油溶体的水溶性组分中均不含氨基酸。刺桐和金粟兰的油质体中不含糖，延龄草和金粟兰的油质体中含有大量的果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖或麦芽糖。CHCl_3/MeOH提取物中含有甘油二酯、甘油三酯、游离脂肪酸、磷脂甾醇。甾醇酯和烃。采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析了脂肪酸甲酯、硫代硫酸钠、硬脂酸甲酯和硬脂酸甲酯的组成 ...更多信息 主要脂肪酸为油酸，并伴有棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、异油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸。结果表明，蚁散种子中存在两种化学成分类型：一种是粘粒型，另一种是粘粒型。例如，“糖”种子，其中甾醇、甾醇酯和甘油二酯完全缺乏（例如，例如，在一个实施例中，延龄草、金粟兰等），和“脂质”种子，其中缺乏糖但具有大量甾醇、甾醇酯和甘油三酯（例如，例如，在一个实施例中，Erythronium japonicum、Chlo ranthus serratus等）。纯化的游离脂质提取物，甘油二酯，甾醇和烃的测定都显示，蚂蚁被吸引到上述所有馏分，并没有表现出明确的偏好任何特定的物质。这一事实表明，任何特定的物质都不是引发蚂蚁对具有油溶体的种子的反应的引诱剂，这与先前提出的不同（Bresinsky，1963;马歇尔等人，1979年）。(2)对虎杖（Polygonum cuspidatum）和山打根（P. sachalinense）叶柄基部或茎节上的花外蜜腺的形态、解剖结构和化学成分进行了研究，并对进一步访问花外蜜腺的昆虫（包括蚂蚁）进行了实地考察。从蜜腺的形状、大小和内部结构来看，这两种蓼属植物的花外蜜腺都具有明显的脉管化特征。三种不同的糖，i。例如，采用高效液相色谱法测定了两种蓼属植物花蜜中葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖的含量。毫无疑问，蚂蚁是蓼属植物春季至初夏期间抵御各种植食性昆虫（如：黄毛蓼、黄例如，在一个实施例中，如双条姬小蜂、密花姬小蜂、绒茧蜂属，etc.减

(1) The chemical attractants of seed elaiosomes of the four temperate woodland perennials in Japan, i. e., Erythronium japonicum, Trillium kamtschaticum, Chloranthus japonicus, and C-. serratus, were critically analyzed, and the behavioral bioassays were conducted to chemically identify the attractant responsible for the interaction. Both water-soluble fractions and CHC1_3/MeOH extracts were analyzed.The HPLC analysis of free amino acids revealed that none of the four species' elaiosomes contained amino acids in their water-soluble fractions. No sugars were also contained in,the elaiosomes of Erythronium japonicum and Chloranthus serratus; whereas high amounts of fructose, glucose and saccha rose or maltose were detected from the dlaiosomes of Trillium kamtschaticum and Chloranthus japonicus.The CHC1_3/MeOH extracts proved to contain diglycerides, triglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids sterols. sterolesters, and hydrocarbons. The GC-MS analyses of methylesters of fatty acids,sh … More owed that the major fatty acid present is oleit acid, accompanying with palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, vaccenic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid. The present results, as a conclusion, show that there are two types of ant-dispersed seeds with elaiosomes in terms of chemical compositions, i. e., "sugar" seeds in which sterol, sterolester and diglycerides are entirely lacking (e. g., Trillium kamtschaticum, Chloranthus japonicus, etc.), and "lipid" seeds in which sugars are lacking but instead having large quantities of sterol, sterolester and triglycerides (e. g., Erythronium japonicum, Chlo ranthus serratus, etc.). Assays of purified free lipid extracts, diglycerides, sterols and hydrocarbon all revealed that ants are attracted to all fractions mentioned above, and did not demonstrate clear preference for any specific substance. This fact demonstrates that any specific substance is not an attractant eliciting the ant response to seeds with elaiosomes, which is different from what had been previously suggested (Bresinsky, 1963; Marshall et al., 1979).(2) The morphology, anatomical structures, and chemical compositions of extrafloral nectaries that occur at the base of petioles or at each stem node of Polygonum cuspidatum and P. sachalinense were studied, and further visiting insects, including ants, to extrafloral nectaries were critically examined in the field. The extrafloral nectaries of these two Polygonum species are obviously vascularized judging from their shape, size, and inner structures. Three different sugars, i. e., glucose, fructose and saccharose, were detected by HPLC analysis from the nectar of two Polygonum species.Insect predators were also collected in the field and identified. There is no doubt that ants are effectively guarding young shoots of Polygonum in spring to early summer from heavy predation pressure of various phytophagous insects, e. g., such as Callerucida bifasciata, Blitopertha conspurcata, Maladera sp., etc. Less