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Adaptive Mechanisms of Plant-Ant Interaction and its Evolutionary-Ecological Implications

植物-蚂蚁相互作用的适应性机制及其进化生态学意义

基本信息

批准号：
62480006
负责人：
KAWANO Shoichi
金额：
$ 4.42万
依托单位：
Kyoto University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research (B)
财政年份：
1987
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1987 至 1989
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

(1) The chemical attractants of seed elaiosomes of the four temperate woodland perennials in Japan, i. e., Erythronium japonicum, Trillium kamtschaticum, Chloranthus japonicus, and C-. serratus, were critically analyzed, and the behavioral bioassays were conducted to chemically identify the attractant responsible for the interaction. Both water-soluble fractions and CHC1_3/MeOH extracts were analyzed.The HPLC analysis of free amino acids revealed that none of the four species' elaiosomes contained amino acids in their water-soluble fractions. No sugars were also contained in,the elaiosomes of Erythronium japonicum and Chloranthus serratus; whereas high amounts of fructose, glucose and saccha rose or maltose were detected from the dlaiosomes of Trillium kamtschaticum and Chloranthus japonicus.The CHC1_3/MeOH extracts proved to contain diglycerides, triglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids sterols. sterolesters, and hydrocarbons. The GC-MS analyses of methylesters of fatty acids,sh … More owed that the major fatty acid present is oleit acid, accompanying with palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, vaccenic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid. The present results, as a conclusion, show that there are two types of ant-dispersed seeds with elaiosomes in terms of chemical compositions, i. e., "sugar" seeds in which sterol, sterolester and diglycerides are entirely lacking (e. g., Trillium kamtschaticum, Chloranthus japonicus, etc.), and "lipid" seeds in which sugars are lacking but instead having large quantities of sterol, sterolester and triglycerides (e. g., Erythronium japonicum, Chlo ranthus serratus, etc.). Assays of purified free lipid extracts, diglycerides, sterols and hydrocarbon all revealed that ants are attracted to all fractions mentioned above, and did not demonstrate clear preference for any specific substance. This fact demonstrates that any specific substance is not an attractant eliciting the ant response to seeds with elaiosomes, which is different from what had been previously suggested (Bresinsky, 1963; Marshall et al., 1979).(2) The morphology, anatomical structures, and chemical compositions of extrafloral nectaries that occur at the base of petioles or at each stem node of Polygonum cuspidatum and P. sachalinense were studied, and further visiting insects, including ants, to extrafloral nectaries were critically examined in the field. The extrafloral nectaries of these two Polygonum species are obviously vascularized judging from their shape, size, and inner structures. Three different sugars, i. e., glucose, fructose and saccharose, were detected by HPLC analysis from the nectar of two Polygonum species.Insect predators were also collected in the field and identified. There is no doubt that ants are effectively guarding young shoots of Polygonum in spring to early summer from heavy predation pressure of various phytophagous insects, e. g., such as Callerucida bifasciata, Blitopertha conspurcata, Maladera sp., etc. Less

(1)日本4种温带林地多年生草本植物Erythronum Japan onicum、Trillium kamtschaticum、金银花、C.Serratus，进行了严格的分析，并进行了行为生物测定，以化学方法确定负责相互作用的引诱剂。对水溶组分和CHCl_3/MeOH萃取物进行了分析，对游离氨基酸进行了高效液相色谱分析，发现4种弹性体水溶组分中均不含有氨基酸。白花蛇舌草和金莲花的弹性体中也不含糖，而延龄草和金莲花的果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖或麦芽糖含量较高。硬脂酸酯和碳氢化合物。…脂肪酸甲酯的GC-MS分析脂肪酸组成以油酸为主，其次为棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、牛油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸。本研究结果表明，蚂蚁散布的种子在化学成分上有两种类型，即完全缺乏甾醇、甾酯和二甘油酯的“糖”种子(如延龄草、金莲花等)和缺乏糖但含有大量甾醇、甾醇酯和甘油三酯的“脂类”种子(如白蜡梅、蛇尾草等)。对纯化的游离脂肪提取物、二甘油酯、甾醇和碳氢化合物的分析都表明，蚂蚁对上述所有组分都有吸引力，并没有表现出对任何特定物质的明显偏好。这一事实表明，任何特定的物质都不是诱导蚂蚁对有韧皮体的种子产生反应的引诱剂，这与以前的建议不同(Bresinsky，1963；Matt等人，1979)。(2)研究了发生在虎杖和虎杖每个茎节处的花外蜜腺的形态、解剖结构和化学成分，并在田间对进一步的昆虫，包括蚂蚁，进行了花外蜜腺的关键检查。从其形状、大小和内部结构来看，这两种植物的花外蜜腺都有明显的维管化。对两种何首乌花蜜中的葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖进行了高效液相分析，并对采集到的捕食性天敌进行了鉴定。毫无疑问，蚂蚁在春季到初夏期间有效地保护了何首乌幼芽免受各种植食性昆虫的严重捕食压力，如双叶金龟子、斑潜蝇、马拉德拉等。