Applied Science in the Service of the State: A History of Applied Entomology in National Socialism

为国家服务的应用科学：国家社会主义应用昆虫学史

• 批准号: 447390884
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Moritz Epple
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Historisches Seminar
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 资助国家: 德国
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/447390884?language=en
• 关键词: Applied; Science; Service; State; History

The proposed research project aims at examining the field of applied entomology in National Socialist Germany and during the immediate post-war years. In doing so, the project aims at analyzing the forms in which this practically oriented branch of biology, academically first established in Germany from World War I until the late 1920s, gained scientific, public, political and military attention and support during National Socialist rule and World War II. Moreover, the project intends to examine which epistemic, institutional and personal connections are to be found between the applied scientific field of entomology and the structures of the German state. For this purpose, (a) the main institutions of economic entomology in Germany will be explored, including the Deutsches Entomologisches Institut and the departments of entomology at the Biologische Reichsanstalt and the Hamburger Institut für Tropenmedizin. Given the growing military relevance of entomology (e.g. for the control of diseases such as typhus or malaria), the research project will also closely explore entomologic institutions that were oriented towards war purposes, such as the entomological institute at the Reichsuniversiät Posen, the malaria training forces of the Militärärztliche Akademie and the entomological institute at the concentration camp in Dachau. Second, (b) the activities of pivotal scientific actors in the field will be examined, in particular, the careers of Karl Escherich, Erich Martini und Karl Friederichs. Finally, (c) an analysis of programmatic discourses that were addressed by entomologists to various forms of audiences outside their field should allow to answer the question if and how entomologists’ programmatic aims were interconnected with ideological and political objectives of government agencies and political groups.On all three levels, the research is guided by the overall question of how the chemically oriented pest control practices of applied entomology that, developed during World War I and the Weimar Republic, competed with a program of biological control in applied entomology that emerged in the early 1930s and which gained practical relevance in World War II. The project will study how the development of applied entomology in National Socialist Germany was shaped by this rivalry of methods. Given that the method of biological control was developed in close connection to the emerging field of scientific ecology and its vocabulary, and since the entomologist Karl Friederichs is considered to be one of the founders of scientific ecology in Germany, this project also contributes to an early history of ecology in Germany, beyond the threshold of the year 1945.

拟议的研究项目旨在审查国家社会主义德国和战后不久的应用昆虫学领域。在这样做的过程中，该项目旨在分析生物学这个以实用为导向的分支是如何在第一次世界大战至20世纪20年代末在德国学术上建立起来的，并在国家社会主义统治和第二次世界大战期间获得科学、公众、政治和军事关注和支持的。此外，该项目还打算研究昆虫学应用科学领域与德国国家结构之间存在哪些认知、制度和个人联系。为此目的，(A)将探讨德国主要的经济昆虫学机构，包括德国昆虫学研究所以及德国国家科学院昆虫学系和汉堡市昆虫学研究所。鉴于昆虫学日益具有军事意义(例如，用于控制斑疹伤寒或疟疾等疾病)，该研究项目还将密切探索以战争为目的的昆虫学机构，如波森帝国的昆虫学研究所、阿卡德米亚军校的疟疾训练部队和达豪集中营的昆虫学研究所。第二，(B)将审查该领域的关键科学行为者的活动，特别是卡尔·埃舍里奇、埃里希·马蒂尼和卡尔·弗里德里希的职业生涯。最后，(C)对昆虫学家向其领域外的各种形式的受众发表的方案话语进行分析，应该能够回答昆虫学家的方案目标是否以及如何与政府机构和政治团体的思想和政治目标相互关联的问题。在所有三个层面上，这项研究都以第一次世界大战和魏玛共和国期间发展的应用昆虫学的以化学为导向的虫害防治实践为指导，与20世纪30年代初出现并在第二次世界大战中获得实用意义的应用昆虫学中的生物防治计划竞争。该项目将研究这种方法竞争如何塑造了国家社会主义德国的应用昆虫学的发展。鉴于生物防治方法的发展是与新兴的科学生态学及其词汇密切相关的，而且昆虫学家卡尔·弗里德里希被认为是德国科学生态学的奠基人之一，这个项目也为德国早期的生态史做出了贡献，超出了1945年的门槛。