International Comparative Study on Ensuring Food Safety and Reliable System by Solving Information Asymmetry

本研究旨在解决食品体系中加工商、分销商、食品服务商和消费者等企业之间的信息不对称问题，明确保障食品安全和可靠体系的主题。研究结果概括为五点。第一，北美牛肉行业中与美国相关的加拿大牛肉行业针对疯牛病问题的措施，虽然在加强风险管理和降低成本之间存在权衡，但阐明了在年龄认证和BSE检测替代处理下，加拿大如何在风险管理与其成本、因素和背后的思维之间达成妥协。第二，对采用的态度和食品安全可靠体系的特点，通过收集亚洲国家国际会议和专家的信息，了解基于HACCP或ISO的卫生控制体系、认证计划、标签计划和可追溯性体系。第三，对动物副产品、餐饮垃圾和抗生素的风险管理和使用放松管制之间的协议均衡和原因进行了理解。并强调了与日本情况的不同。第四，澳大利亚是牛肉和乳制品的出口大国。它也是食品安全和可靠体系的先进国家。虽然日本是澳大利亚的主要出口市场，但由于对中国和俄罗斯的需求迅速扩大，这两个市场正在成为澳大利亚的重要市场。但是，由于干旱缺水，粮食集约化生产趋势下粮食急剧上涨，澳大利亚面临着粮食供应不稳定的问题。五、虽然改善动物健康和牲畜卫生对降低农场经营风险和向消费者提供畜产品很重要，但进展缓慢。引入基于预防原则的风险管理，以期将损害降至最低。

The aim of this study is to solve information asymmetry between firm such as processor, distributor food service and consumer in food system, and to clarify the subject of ensuring food safety and reliable system.The findings are summarized into five points.First, about the measures against BSE issue in Canadian beef industry related to USA within North American beef industry, Although, there is a trade off between strengthening risk management and reducing cost, it is clarified that how Canada arrange a compromise between risk management and its cost, factor and thinking behind it, under substitute treatment between age certification and BSE test.Second, attitude to adoption and characteristics of food safety and reliable system, such as HACCP or ISO based hygiene control system, certification program, labeling program and traceability system are understood, by gathering the information from international meeting and expert in Asian countries. And also, performances of such institutions are discussed.Third, both of the agreement equilibrium and the reason, between deregulation for risk management and usage, of animal by products, catering waste and antibiotics, are understood. And, differences from Japanese situation about them are emphasized.Four, Australia is a big exporter of beef and dairy products. It is also advanced country of food safety and reliable system. Although Japan is main export market of Australia, China and Russia is becoming important market, because of rapid expansion of demand for them. But, Australia is facing problem of unstable food supply, due to water shortage resulting from draught, steep rise in grain under the trend of grain intensive production.Five, although improvement of animal health and livestock hygiene is important to reduce risk in farm management and to provide livestock products to consumer, its progress is slow. Introduction of risk management based on the precaution principle, in order to held the damage to a minimum.