International Comparative Study on Ensuring Food Safety and Reliable System by Solving Information Asymmetry

本研究旨在解决食品系统中加工者、分销商、食品服务提供者和消费者等企业之间的信息不对称，并明确确保食品安全和可靠系统的主题。这些发现可归纳为五点。首先，关于北美牛肉产业中与美国相关的加拿大牛肉产业应对疯牛病问题的措施，虽然在加强风险管理与降低成本之间存在权衡，但明确了加拿大如何在年龄认证与疯牛病检测之间的替代处理下，在风险管理与成本、因素和背后的思想之间进行妥协。其次，通过收集国际会议和亚洲各国专家的信息，了解食品安全可靠体系的采用态度和特点，如基于HACCP或ISO的卫生控制体系、认证计划、标签计划和可追溯体系。并对这类机构的绩效进行了讨论。第三，双方的协议均衡和原因，放松监管的风险管理和使用，动物副产品，餐饮废物和抗生素，被理解。并强调了与日本情况的差异。第四，澳大利亚是牛肉和奶制品的出口大国。也是食品安全可靠体系先进的国家。虽然日本是澳大利亚的主要出口市场，但由于对中国和俄罗斯的需求迅速扩大，它们正在成为重要的市场。但是，澳大利亚面临着粮食供应不稳定的问题，由于干旱导致水资源短缺，在粮食集约化生产的趋势下，粮食价格急剧上涨。第五，虽然改善动物健康和牲畜卫生对减少农场管理中的风险和向消费者提供牲畜产品很重要，但进展缓慢。引入基于预防原则的风险管理，以将损害降至最低。

The aim of this study is to solve information asymmetry between firm such as processor, distributor food service and consumer in food system, and to clarify the subject of ensuring food safety and reliable system.The findings are summarized into five points.First, about the measures against BSE issue in Canadian beef industry related to USA within North American beef industry, Although, there is a trade off between strengthening risk management and reducing cost, it is clarified that how Canada arrange a compromise between risk management and its cost, factor and thinking behind it, under substitute treatment between age certification and BSE test.Second, attitude to adoption and characteristics of food safety and reliable system, such as HACCP or ISO based hygiene control system, certification program, labeling program and traceability system are understood, by gathering the information from international meeting and expert in Asian countries. And also, performances of such institutions are discussed.Third, both of the agreement equilibrium and the reason, between deregulation for risk management and usage, of animal by products, catering waste and antibiotics, are understood. And, differences from Japanese situation about them are emphasized.Four, Australia is a big exporter of beef and dairy products. It is also advanced country of food safety and reliable system. Although Japan is main export market of Australia, China and Russia is becoming important market, because of rapid expansion of demand for them. But, Australia is facing problem of unstable food supply, due to water shortage resulting from draught, steep rise in grain under the trend of grain intensive production.Five, although improvement of animal health and livestock hygiene is important to reduce risk in farm management and to provide livestock products to consumer, its progress is slow. Introduction of risk management based on the precaution principle, in order to held the damage to a minimum.