Molecular Pathology of Malignant Tumors in Tropical Africa and Southeast Asia

1)热带非洲和东南亚恶性肿瘤流行病学：肯尼亚最常见的恶性肿瘤是宫颈癌，其次是恶性淋巴瘤、皮肤癌、恶性软组织肿瘤、乳腺癌、恶性黑色素瘤、食道癌、前列腺癌、卵巢癌、癌和肝细胞癌。在泰国清迈，最常见的恶性肿瘤是肺癌，其次是宫颈癌、肝细胞癌、乳腺癌、结直肠癌、淋巴瘤、胃癌、膀胱癌和甲状腺癌。与恶性肿瘤的患病率和发病率相比，两国之间存在着有趣的差异。这些结果表明，不同类型肿瘤发病率的民族地理差异主要归因于各种致病因素的相互作用，如自然环境、紫外线暴露、化学致癌物、致癌病毒、遗传因素和文化实践…。不同人群中更多的S 2)肯尼亚宫颈癌中的人乳头瘤病毒感染：我们用ISH方法对91例肯尼亚宫颈癌患者进行了HPV检测。泰国清迈地区阴茎癌组织中HPV基因阳性52例(57.1%)，主要为HPV-6/11型，其次为16/18例和31/33.3例。用ISH法检测基因阳性率为95%，聚合酶链式反应检测阳性率为95%。最常见的基因型是HPV-6型，其次是18型和34型。许多病例表现为6、18和34的混合感染。仅有1例HPV-16阳性，而HPV-16是阴茎癌最主要的基因型别。我们正在准备发表我们的结果的手稿。4)地方性Burkitt淋巴瘤(BL)“星空”模式的形成：我们研究了非洲地方性Burkitt淋巴瘤(BL)EB病毒(EBV)感染分期与星空模式形成的组织学关系。在所有病例中，EBV编码的小RNA(EBER)信号存在于大多数淋巴瘤细胞中，73%的病例BamHI H左侧框架1(BHLF-1)和/或Bami Z EBV复制激活因子(Zebra)信号可在星空样陷窝内和周围的淋巴瘤细胞中识别。溶血周期标志物阳性组单位面积陷窝平均数明显高于阴性组。这些结果表明，EBV感染的淋巴瘤细胞在裂解周期中，最终进入细胞死亡，在破裂之前被迁移到实质中的巨噬细胞吞噬。我们的研究结果强调，EBV感染的淋巴瘤细胞向溶解周期的转变是影响地方性BL5卡波西肉瘤(KS)和人类疱疹病毒8型(HHV-8)星空格局形成的组织形态发生因素之一。所有与艾滋病相关的KS病例均显示HHV-8阳性，但在非洲地方性KS中未发现阳性病例。这些结果提示非洲地方性KS和艾滋病相关KS存在不同的致病因素。较少

1)Epidemiology of malignant tumors in tropical Africa and Southeast Asia :The most common malignat tumor in Kenya is cervical cancer, followed by malignant lymphoma, skin cancer, malignant soft tissue tumors, breast cancer, malignant melanoma, esophageal cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, penil cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. In Chinag Mai, Thailand, the most common malignant tumor is lung cancer, follwed by cervical cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer, colo-rectal cancer, malignat lymphoma, gastric cancer, bladder cancer and thyroid cancer. Comparing with the prevalence and incidence of malignant tumors, there are interesting differences among both countries. These results suggest that an ethnogeographic variation in the frequency of different types of tumors is mainly attributed to the interplay of varied causative factors such as natural environments, exposure to ultraviolet light, chemical carcinogens, oncogenic viruses, genetic factors, and cultural practice … More s among various populations.2)Human papilloma virus(HPV) infection in cervical cancer in Kenya :We examined 91 cases of cervical cancer in Kenya to detect HPV, using ISH method. Fifty two cases(57.1%) showed HPV gene positive in tumor tissue and main genotype was HPV-6/11,followed by 16/18 and 31/33.3)HPV infection in penile cancer in Chiang Mai, Thailand :We found a high incidence rate of penile cancer in Chiang Mai area, over 30 times higher than that of Nagasaki. HPV genes were 64% positive by ISH and 95% positive by PCR method. The most common genotype was HPV-6, followed by 18 and 34. Many cases showed mixed infections with 6,18 and 34. Only 1 case was positive for HPV-16,which is a most predominant genotype of penile cancer in previous reports. We are preparing the manuscript to publish our results.4)"Starry Sky" pattern formation in Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma(BL) :We examined the histologic relationship between Epstein-Barr virus(EBV) infection stages and the formation of the starry sky pattern in AFrican endemic BL. In all cases, signals for EBV-encoded small RNA(EBER) were found in most lymphoma cells, and 73% of cases, signals for BamHI H left frame 1(BHLF-1) and/or BamI Z EBV replication activator(ZEBRA) were recognized in the lymphoma cells within and around the lacunae in starry sky figures. The mean number of lacunae per unit area in cases positive for lytic cycle markers was significantly higher than that in negative casaes. These results suggest that EBV-infected lymphoma cells in the lytic cycle, which eventually lapse into cell death, are phagocytosed prior to their rupture by macrophages that have migrated into the parenchyma. Our findings emphasize that transition of EBV-infected lymphoma cells to the lytic cycle is one of the histomorphogenetic factors influencing the formation of starry sky pattern in endemic BL.5)Kaposi's sarcoma(KS) and Human herpes virus-8(HHV-8 :We examined to detect HHV-8 in African endemic KS and AIDS related KS tissues, using PCR method. All AIDS related KS cases showed positive for HHV-8, however no positive cases were found among African endemic KS. These results suggest that there are different etiologic factors among African endemic KS and AIDS related KS. Less