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Historical Studies on National Consciousness in America

美国民族意识的历史研究

基本信息

批准号：
14310183
负责人：
HIGUCHI Hayumi
金额：
$ 5.95万
依托单位：
Senshu University (2003-2004)Kyoritsu Women's University (2002)
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
财政年份：
2002
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2002 至 2004
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

We attempted to cross national boundaries in our research by exchanging opinions with scholars outside Japan, and by including immigrants and people living in other areas under U.S. influence. These are our findings:1. Studies on media shed light on its function of creating national consciousness, demonstrating cases, for instance, in which postbellum journalism created a unified image of American citizenship epitomized by soldiers' manliness and bravery in the Civil War, and in which 1990s' journalism depicted the U.S.A. as a savior for the "HIV epidemics in Africa."2. Studies on gender indicate that processes of forming national consciousness are inseparable from gender issues; for instance, manliness was identified as the ideal qualification of citizenship, and governmental control of venereal disease among U. S. military forces was one way of creating a model of an American by repressing the prostitution of women during WWI.3. Studies on Polish immigrants, African Americans, and Caribbean immigrants show the relationship between U.S. national consciousness and a people's sense of belonging to their former countries, or their ancestors', was not always stable. They coexisted at one time and were polarized another time, and there are also cases in which people might not have a sense of being a U.S. citizen although they apply for U.S. citizenship.4. Studies on Mexico and Okinawa indicate that despite the apparent influence of U.S. military/economic power, people there were not influenced in terms of forming a national consciousness. On the contrary, they took advantage of the existence of U.S. economic power in their daily lives to achieve their goals.In focusing on people's daily lives across national boundaries, it is clear to us that the meaning of national consciousness was not the same for everyone, and that ways of creating national consciousness have varied depending on many factors.

我们试图通过与日本以外的学者交换意见，并将移民和生活在美国影响下的其他地区的人包括在内，来跨越国界进行研究。这些是我们的发现：1.对媒体的研究揭示了媒体在塑造民族意识方面的作用，例如，战后新闻业塑造了一个统一的美国公民形象，体现了内战中士兵的男子气概和勇敢，20世纪90年代的新闻业将美国描绘成“非洲艾滋病流行病”的救世主。“2.社会性别研究表明，民族意识的形成过程与社会性别问题密不可分，如男子气概被认为是公民的理想资格，美国政府对性病的控制等。S.军事力量是通过镇压妇女在第一次世界大战期间卖淫来创造美国模式的一种方式。对波兰移民、非洲裔美国人和加勒比海移民的研究表明，美国民族意识与人们对前国家或祖先的归属感之间的关系并不总是稳定的。他们有时共存，有时两极分化，也有一些情况下，人们可能没有意识到自己是美国公民，虽然他们申请美国公民。4.对墨西哥和冲绳的研究表明，尽管美国的军事/经济力量明显影响了那里的人们，但在形成民族意识方面并没有受到影响。相反，他们在日常生活中利用美国经济实力的存在来达到自己的目的。通过对人们跨越国界的日常生活的关注，我们可以清楚地看到，国家意识的含义对每个人来说都是不一样的，国家意识的形成方式也因许多因素而异。