Structure and function of the genes specific for reproductive and vegetative organs i n Rosaceae (apple and rose) and molecular breeding

(1)对苹果(Malus x home tica Borkh.)雌蕊中的S基因(Si-和Sz-RNase)进行了掺杂和测序。艾利维亚尔·麦金托什。我们建立了S等位基因特异性聚合酶链式反应-消化法来鉴定S等位基因。应用该方法对310个苹果品种、品种和选择的S基因型进行了分析。由于一些苹果品种的亲本未知，另一些品种的亲本不确定，我们利用微卫星标记确定了八个苹果品种的准确亲本。(2)为了使日本的S-核糖核酸酶等位基因名称与欧洲数字名称统一，我们澄清了S；a^-gt；S；b^-&gt；S；c^-gt；S；d^-gt；S；e^-gt；，S_&lt；f-&gt；S、S、9^、S、1^->、S、20^-、24^->。、S 10^-和S 25^-核糖核酸酶等位基因。我们解决了S核糖核酸酶等位基因数值化命名的混乱，建立了标准化的S核糖核酸酶等位基因…(3)从苹果中分离到三个与B类MADS-box蛋白同源的基因克隆(MdiPI、MdTM6和MdiMADS13)。“印度人”。MdTM6和MdiMADS13基因表现出相同的表达模式，且与TM6谱系成员相近。这是在一种植物中存在两个TM6谱系基因的第一例。获得了与B类花特性基因同源的月季MADS-box基因‘Masako BP、B3和euB3’。利用CaMV35S启动子控制下异位表达的Masako BP和B3或Masako BP和euB3转基因拟南芥产生了花瓣到花瓣、雌蕊到雄蕊或花瓣到花瓣的转化，表明Masako BP和B3，Masako B3和euB3参与了月季的花瓣和雄蕊的鉴定。(5)CaMV35S启动子控制下的玫瑰MADS-box基因‘Masako C1和D1’与C类花特性基因同源的转基因植株在拟南芥中产生了花瓣到心皮和花瓣到雄蕊的转化，在拟南芥中获得了花瓣到心皮和花瓣到雄蕊的转化。这些结果表明，这两个基因在月季的雄蕊和心皮识别中具有相似的功能。(6)我们克隆了与E类花器官识别基因同源的月季MADS-box基因‘Masako S1’和‘S3’。我们发现Masako S1和S3分别是SEPALLATA(SEP)1/2和3的同源物。Masako S1和S3在月季花中的表达模式和cDNA结构与月季正常花中的相同，这表明月季花中的同源异型变化可能不会单独发展为MADS-box基因的突变。较少

(1)The S-locus genes (Si-and Sz-RNase) in the pistil were doped and sequenced from the apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) ailtivar McIntosh. We developed S-allele specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) -digestion method for identification the S-alleles. Using the method, we analyzed S-genotype of 310 apple species, cultivars and selections. As the parents of the some of the apple cultivars were unknown and others were uncertain, we detennined accurate parents of eight apple cult ivars using SSR markers.(2)For unification of the alphabetical S-RNase allele designation in Japan to the European numerical designations, we clarified that the S_<a^->, S_<b^->, S_<c^->, S_<d^->, S_<e^->, S_<f^->, S_<g^->, S_<h^->, S_<i^->, S_<z^->-RNase alleles, respectively, to the S_<2^->, S_<3^->, S_<9^->, S_<7^->, S_<28^->, S_<1^->, S_<20^->, S_<24^->, S_<10^-> and S_<25^->-RNase allele. We resolved the confusion of the numerical S-RNase allele designations, and established the standardized S-RNase allele … More designation of apple.(3)We isolated three cDNA clones (MdiPI, MdTM6 and MdiMADS13) homologous to class-B MADS-box protein from Malus x domesirca Borkh. 'Indo'. MdTM6 and MdiMADS13 genes showed the same expression patterns, and are close to TM6 lineage members. This is the first case of two TM6 lineage genes existing in one plant. Producing transgenic apple possessing apetalous flowers and parthenocarpic fruit is under propressing.(4)We isolated rose MADS-box genes 'MASAKO BP, B3 and euB3' homologous to class-B floral identity genes. Functional analyses using transgenic Arabidopsis with ectopically expressed MASAKO BP and B3 or MASAKO BP and euB3 under the control of CaMV35S promoter produced flowers with sepal-to-petal and pistil-to-stamen or sepals-to-petals, suggesting that MASAKO BP and B3, and MASAKO B3 and euB3 are involved in petal and stamen identification in rose.(5)The transgenic plants with ectopically expressed rose MADS -box genes 'MASAKO C1 and D1' homologous to class-C floral identity genes under the control of CaMV35S promoter produced flowers with sepa1-to-carpel and petal-to-stamen transformation in Arabidopsis and sepal-to-cazpel transformation in Torenia. These results suggest that both genes have similar function and are involved in stamen and carpel identity in the rose.(6)We isolated Rose MADS-box genes 'MASAKO S1 and S3' homologous to class-E floral organ identity genes. We found that MASAKO S1 and S3 are homologues to SEPALLATA (SEP)1/2 and 3, respectively. The expression patterns and cDNA structures of MASAKO S1 and S3 in the green rose flower were the same as those in the normal flower of Rosa rugasa, suggesting that homeotic changes in the green rose flower might not develop into mutations of the MADS-box genes alone. Less