Recognition of covert objects and events : Comparative and developmental approaches

本项目旨在通过从比较和发展的角度分析不同非人类物种对隐蔽物体和事件的识别，了解对物理和社会环境的识别是如何演变的。主要发现如下：1。感知过程：(1)卷尾猴按照与人类相同的原理完成部分遮挡物体的轮廓和内部纹理。(2)相比之下，鸽子尽管沿着物体的形状、生态意义、运动、完成轮廓的形式等进行了各种实验操作，但从未完成。(3)鸽子能感知到常规的Muller-Lyer错觉，但不能感知到人类在箭头偏离目标线时所感知到的相反错觉。研究发现，不同物种在基本知觉处理方面存在相当大的差异。2.社会认知与社会智力：(1)狗、马、日本猴和松鼠猴在听到社会代理人的声音后，能回忆起相应的视觉图像。这些动物似乎通过整合来自多种感官模式的信息来概念性地识别社会代理人。(2)实验表明，卷尾猴在相互竞争食物时，会采取明显的欺骗行为。卷尾猴通过听从看食物杯的人的建议来学会寻找食物。他们明白，看就会知道。(4)当卷尾猴被要求在两个参与者之间分配一系列动作时，它们会自发地合作。当一次只有一个参与者得到食物时，这种合作仍在继续。互惠利他主义的一种基本形式被展示出来。因此，新大陆猴子被证明具有出色的社会智力。3.生理智力和推理：(1)在寻找食物的任务中，长尾猴被证明可以进行基本的减法运算。(2)卷尾猴能够识别食物、工具和障碍物之间的空间关系，并选择更容易获得食物的选项。少

This project aimed at understanding how recognition of physical and social environments has evolved by analyzing recognition of covert objects and events in diverse nonhuman species from comparative and developmental perspectives. Major findings follow : 1.Perceptual processes : (1)Tufted capuchin monkeys completed contours and internal textures of partly occluded objects following the same principles as humans would do. (2)Contrastingly, pigeons never completed despite a variety of experimental operations along shape, ecological significance, motion, form of completed contour, etc. of the objects. (3)Pigeons perceived a regular Muller-Lyer illusion but not the reversed illusion which humans would perceive when the arrowheads are separated from the target line. There found considerable differences in fundamental perceptual processing among species. 2.Social cognition and social intelligence : (1)Dogs, horses, Japanese monkeys, and squirrel monkeys were shown to recall corresponding vis … More ual images upon hearing the voices of social agents. These animals seem to conceptually recognize social agents by integrating information from multiple sensory modalities. (2)Capuchin monkeys were experimentally shown to take apparently deceptive actions whey they competed with each other for food. (3)Capuchins learned to find food by following the advice of the person who looked into the food cup. They understand that looking leads to knowing. (4)Capuchins spontaneously cooperated when they had to divide a sequence of actions between two participants. This cooperation continued when only one of the participants received food at a time. A rudimentary form of reciprocal altruism was shown. Thus New World monkeys were demonstrated to have excellent social intelligence. 3.Physical intelligence and inference : (1)Vervet monkeys were shown to conduct a rudimentary subtraction in a food-searching task. (2)Capuchins were shown to recognize the spatial relationship among food, a tool, and the obstacle and to choose the option leading to easier access to food. Less