A Comparative and Educational Sociology of Meritocratic Norms

精英规范的比较和教育社会学

• 批准号: 13571009
• 负责人: MIMIZUKA Hiroaki
• 金额: $ 4.16万
• 依托单位: Ochanomizu University
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
• 财政年份: 2001
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 2001 至 2003
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-13571009/
• 关键词: Meritocracy; International comparative Study; Education in Singapore; Education in England; Career Path Consciousness; Sociology of Education; Function of Selection & Allocation; Educational Aspiration; アメリカの教育

This research aims to examine the consequences of introducing neo-liberal educational policy into post-secondary education in Japan during the 1990s, using 'weakening norms of meritocracy' as keywords. More concretely, it aims to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of Japanese educational policy, by comparing its system with those in England and America, where the reconstruction of meritocratic norms is being upheld despite being the pioneers of neo-liberal education, as well as Singapore, where meritocracy is the cornerstone of education.Besides comparing educational policies, the research also conducted literature search, interviews with teachers, questionnaire surveys among students and the re-analyses of existing data. Questionnaire surveys were conducted in Japan, Britain and Singapore, and valid responses numbered 1271, 452, and 1288 respectively.A summary of the main findings and implications is provided below.It is evident that the Japanese education policy has achieved its a … More im in freeing its young people from examination pressures. Nevertheless, the other aim to provide help to losers of educational competition is hardly a success. Secondly, the move to free students from examination pressures did not reach all, as there is a bipolarization between top-track and low-track students in their consciousness and responses over educational/occupational achievements. Thirdly, regarding selection and competition within and without the education system, the awareness of meritocracy, including views toward the impact of social background on equality of opportunities/results and the fairness/transparency of the selection process, has weakened. It is possible that competition/selection process has lost its legitimacy through the permeation of discourses against examinations and competition. And fourthly, it is confirmed that there are indications of social background playing a growing role in competition/selection process. All these points serve not only as warnings not to superficially appraise recent educational policies, but also as requests for more research to be conducted from various angles. Less

本研究以“弱化精英教育规范”为关键词，旨在考察20世纪90年代日本将新自由主义教育政策引入高等教育的后果。更具体地说，它的目的是通过将日本的教育制度与英美和新加坡的教育制度进行比较，来评估日本教育政策的优缺点。英美虽然是新自由主义教育的先驱，但仍在坚持精英管理规范的重建，而新加坡则是精英管理教育的基石。除了比较教育政策外，本研究还进行了文献检索、教师访谈、学生问卷调查以及对现有数据的重新分析。在日本、英国和新加坡进行了问卷调查，有效回复数分别为1271、452和1288。以下是主要研究结果和影响的摘要。很明显，日本的教育政策已经达到了它的目的，更重要的是把年轻人从考试压力中解放出来。然而，为教育竞争中的失败者提供帮助的另一个目标却很难取得成功。其次，将学生从考试压力中解放出来的举措并没有惠及所有人，因为在教育/职业成就的意识和反应上，优等生和低等生之间存在两极分化。第三，关于教育系统内外的选拔和竞争，精英主义的意识，包括对社会背景对机会/结果平等和选拔过程的公平/透明度的影响的看法，已经减弱。通过反对考试和竞争的话语渗透，竞争/选拔过程可能已经失去了其合法性。第四，有迹象表明，社会背景在竞争/选择过程中发挥着越来越大的作用。这些都是对最近的教育政策不要肤浅评价的警告，也是要求从各个角度进行更多研究的要求。少