International comparative study on factors to promote gender mainstreaming at local goverments

性别平等主流化是促进性别平等的一项战略。日本虽然取得了经济发展，但妇女的地位在发达国家中处于最低水平，甚至低于许多发展中国家。在日本，中央政府促进性别主流化的研究一直是由中央政府进行的，但没有在地方政府一级进行。为了在日本社会实现性别平等，必须从地方层面开始实现性别平等，这也是本研究的目的。在本次研究中，我选择了南非和菲律宾进行实地考察。这些国家被视为发展中国家将性别问题纳入主流的典范。已确定促进性别主流化的下列七个因素。根据这些因素，制定了地方政府促进性别平等主流化的检查清单。（一）增强政治意愿。它包括最高领导人的性别意识，在议会建立性别平等委员会。制定法律、条例和行动计划，阐明促进两性平等的政策和措施以及对违反者的处罚。(2)建立促进性别主流化的制度。(3)对从初级到最高级别的官员进行性别培训。(4)地方政府与包括妇女组织在内的民间社会合作。(5)确保预算以促进性别主流化，并从性别角度分析整个预算；(6)推动强有力和有效的宣传活动，包括建立全国性的宣传活动，媒体曝光出席这些活动的最高领导人；(7)推动强有力和有效的宣传活动，如组织全国性的宣传活动，地方政府最高领导人出席并媒体曝光

Gender mainstreaming is a strategy for promoting gender equality. Although Japan has achieved economical development, the status of women struggles in the lowest among the developed countries, and even it is lower than many developing countries. Research on the promotion of gender mainstreaming at the central government has been undertaken by the national government in Japan, but not at the level of local governments. In order to achieve gender equality in the Japanese society, it is essential to start achieving gender equality at the local level, and this is the aim of this research.In this research, I chose South Africa and the Philippines for field study. These countries have been esteemed as the model for gender mainstreaming in developing countries. The following seven factors for the promotion of gender mainstreaming have been identified. Check lists for the promotion of gender mainstreaming at local governments are formulated along with the factors.(1)Promoting the strong political will. It includes, the top leader's gender consciousness, establishing a committee for gender equality at the Parliament. Formulating laws, ordinances, and plan of actions which articulate policies and measurements for promoting gender equality as well as penalties for the violators.(2)Establishing systems to promote gender mainstreaming(3)Gender training which is offered to officials from very junior level to the highest level.(4)Collaborating between local governments and civil societies, including women's organizations.(5)Securing the budget to promote gender mainstreaming as well as analyzing the entire budget from gender perspectives(6)Promoting Strong and effective advocacy activities which includes establishing nation-wide campaign with strong media exposure of the top leaders who attend such events(7)Promoting strong and effective advocacy activities, such as organizing nation-wide campaign with top local government leaders attendance with media exposure