UN Peacekeeping Operation and 21^<st> Century -Normative Development of its Operational Principles and their Replacement within the UN Charter System-

在本研究项目期间，详细审查了联合国维持和平行动- -刚果民主共和国联合特派团（联刚特派团）、联合国利比里亚特派团（联利特派团）和联合国科特迪瓦行动（联科行动）- -的一些最新案例。例如，对联刚特派团的调查得出的结论是，联合国承认联刚特派团的这种任务是一种“强有力的”维和行动，它从未认为将维和活动与《联合国宪章》第七章规定的限制措施相结合是一种原则矛盾；同意与执行。联利特派团和联科行动的情况也是如此。因此，联合国最近根据《联合国宪章》第七章制定了“强力”维和的做法，这与联合国维和的行动原则并不抵触。以联科行动为例，维持了有关各方同意的原则和更公正的原则，并修正了在自卫时使用武力的原则。本研究项目不仅涉及联合国维和行动的案例研究，而且涉及联合国维和行动的一项原则——公正原则本身。传统维持和平中的这一原则是在当时国际形势的背景下，由于联合国的中立性而确立的，因此，不偏不倚的意义一直局限于被动和中立的作用。然而，由于冷战的结束改变了国际舞台并摧毁了维持公正原则的基础，事实证明很难将这一原则的最初含义适用于某些情况。在“稳健”的维和行动中，公正的现实已转化为在尊重《和平协定》的基础上对有关各方平等适用执法，使这一原则适应了近期联合国维和行动的实际行动。少

During the Period of this Study Project, some recent cases of the UN peacekeeping operations-Mission des Nations Unies en Republique democratique du Congo (MONUC), United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), and Operation des Nations Unies en Cote d'Ivoire (ONUCI)-have been examined in detail. The investigation about MONUC, for example, follows that the United Nations has recognized such mandate of MONUC as a "robust" peacekeeping, and that it has never regarded the combination of the peacekeeping activities and the restricted measures under Chapter VII of the UN Charter as a contradiction of principles ; consent v. enforcement. This conclusion is also true of the cases of UNMIL and ONUCI. Thus, the United Nations has recently developed the practice of the "robust" peacekeeping with the Chapter VII of the UN Charter, which is not contrary to the operational principles of the UN peacekeeping. In the case of ONUCI, for example, the principle of consent among the parties concerned and the … More principle of impartiality are maintained, with an amended principle of use of force in self defense.This Study Project deals with not only the case studies of the UN peacekeeping but also one of the UN peacekeeping operational principles - the principle of impartiality itself. This principle in the traditional peacekeeping was established in the context of the international circumstances at that time and due to the neutral character of the United Nations, and so the meaning of impartiality has been limited to the passive and neutral role. As the end of the Cold War has changed the international scene and pulled down the basis on which the principle of impartiality was maintained, however, it proves difficult to apply the original meaning of this principle to some cases. In the "robust" peacekeeping, the reality of impartiality has converted to the equal applicability of law enforcement to the all parties concerned on the basis of the respect of the Peace Accords, so that this principle has been adapted to the real activities of the recent UN peacekeeping. Less