UN Peacekeeping Operation and 21^<st> Century -Normative Development of its Operational Principles and their Replacement within the UN Charter System-

在本研究项目期间，详细审查了最近联合国维持和平行动的一些案例--刚果民主共和国民主特派团(联刚特派团)、联合国利比里亚特派团(联利特派团)和科特迪瓦联合国统一行动(联科行动)。例如，在对联刚特派团进行调查之前，联合国承认联刚特派团的这种授权是“强有力的”维持和平行动，而且它从未认为维持和平活动和《联合国宪章》第七章规定的限制性措施的结合是违反原则的；同意与强制执行。这一结论也适用于联利特派团和联科行动。因此，联合国最近根据《联合国宪章》第七章发展了“稳健”维和的做法，这并不违反联合国维和的业务原则。例如，在联科行动中，有关各方和…之间同意的原则这项研究项目不仅涉及联合国维和的案例研究，而且还涉及联合国维和行动的一项行动原则--公正原则本身。传统维和中的这一原则是在当时的国际环境下确立的，由于联合国的中立性质，因此公正的含义一直局限于被动和中立的作用。然而，由于冷战结束改变了国际格局，拉倒了维护公正原则的基础，这一原则的原意在一些案件中很难适用。在“强有力的”维和行动中，公正的现实转变为在尊重《和平协定》的基础上对有关各方平等适用执法，从而使这一原则适应了最近联合国维和行动的实际活动。较少

During the Period of this Study Project, some recent cases of the UN peacekeeping operations-Mission des Nations Unies en Republique democratique du Congo (MONUC), United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), and Operation des Nations Unies en Cote d'Ivoire (ONUCI)-have been examined in detail. The investigation about MONUC, for example, follows that the United Nations has recognized such mandate of MONUC as a "robust" peacekeeping, and that it has never regarded the combination of the peacekeeping activities and the restricted measures under Chapter VII of the UN Charter as a contradiction of principles ; consent v. enforcement. This conclusion is also true of the cases of UNMIL and ONUCI. Thus, the United Nations has recently developed the practice of the "robust" peacekeeping with the Chapter VII of the UN Charter, which is not contrary to the operational principles of the UN peacekeeping. In the case of ONUCI, for example, the principle of consent among the parties concerned and the … More principle of impartiality are maintained, with an amended principle of use of force in self defense.This Study Project deals with not only the case studies of the UN peacekeeping but also one of the UN peacekeeping operational principles - the principle of impartiality itself. This principle in the traditional peacekeeping was established in the context of the international circumstances at that time and due to the neutral character of the United Nations, and so the meaning of impartiality has been limited to the passive and neutral role. As the end of the Cold War has changed the international scene and pulled down the basis on which the principle of impartiality was maintained, however, it proves difficult to apply the original meaning of this principle to some cases. In the "robust" peacekeeping, the reality of impartiality has converted to the equal applicability of law enforcement to the all parties concerned on the basis of the respect of the Peace Accords, so that this principle has been adapted to the real activities of the recent UN peacekeeping. Less