Some local-level examples of power-sharing arrangement of decentralization in Mexico and Brazil

本报告分析了墨西哥和巴西地方一级分权的权力分享安排的经验。两国的社会和政治都具有国家凌驾于公民社会之上的特点，公民身份的建构、权利的行使和民众的自主参与都面临着巨大的障碍。尽管如此，墨西哥当前的政治以多元化、竞争和政治竞争的表达为特征，目的是在联邦、州和市三级政府中整合权力和代表当局。这种新的政治趋势是长期民主化进程的一种表现，这种民主化进程在改变社会与政府之间关系的同时表现在各个领域。特别是，这种转变，即在政府和社会之间建立民主关系，已经在市政一级和通过各种形式的公民社会参与表现出来，这影响了国家和州一级政府的变革。在巴西，工人党对民主权力下放的支持也可以定位于它与自治运动的密切联系。工人党从诞生之日（1980年）起就是一个社会运动政党，由教会、工会、农民协会、人权组织和一系列革命组织的进步分子组成。工人党是作为一种反对专制政权及其社团主义结构的斗争工具而创建的，在其存在的第一个十年中，工人党不断寻求与众多基层社会运动保持联系，并发展了高度分散的内部结构。阿雷格里港的参与性预算使该城市的居民能够直接参与制定城市预算，从而将以前用于赞助回报的公共资源用于他们的道路和社区电力。通过这种方式，预算程序阻止了长期存在的裙带关系传统，并促进了所谓的“协同关系”或“共同治理”。参与性预算在民间社团生活、政府行动、基本公共物品的再分配以及在传统和新的公共领域行使正式的民主自由和人权之间产生了协同作用。已经真正重新分配了公共产品，逐渐扩大和深化了参与，在结果、透明度和稳定的体制安排的基础上改进了治理。从这个意义上说，公民身份变得更加重要。因此，我们可以说在地方层面巩固民主的例子，创造新的联合激励和空间，以及克服零和方法。第一章论述了地方民主与地方分权的若干问题和观点。接下来，第二章考察了国家-社会关系的可能性，重点是相互授权、地方主义的矛盾心理和公共空间。第三章分析了墨西哥和墨西哥城政治改革和分权的形式和过程。第四章讨论了权力下放与公民社会（El Barzon运动）之间的相互发展，非政府组织与社会运动的联系以及它们之间的相互联系。第5章和第6章考虑了参与性预算如何以及在多大程度上促进了公民社会的作用，自治基层动员和协会生活之间的协同作用，涵盖了1989年以来的四个劳动党市政管理部门。然后，我可以整合一个由地方政府和基层组织共享的新“公共空间”。少

This report provides an analysis of power -sharing arrangement of decentralization at local-level experiences in Mexico and Brazil. The society and politics of both countries are characterized by the predominance of the state over the civil society and by huge obstacles against the construction of citizenship, the exercise of rights, and popular autonomous participation. Nevertheless, current politics in Mexico are characterized by expressions of plurality, competition, and political competition for integration of powers and representation of authorities in the three levels of government : federal, state, and municipal. This new political trend is an expression of a long process of democratization that has manifested in diverse areas while modifying the relationship between society and government. Especially, this transformation, the building of a democratic relationship between government and society, has been manifesting itself at the municipal level and through various forms of civi … More l society participation that have influenced change at the national and state levels of government.In Brazil, the PT's support for democratic decentralization can also be located in its close association with autonomous movement. From its very birth (1980), the PT was a social movement party, having been formed as an alliance of progressive elements of the Church, unions, peasant associations, human rights groups, and an array of revolutionary organizations. Created as an instrument of struggle against an authoritarian regime and its corporatist structure, during its first decade of existence the PT constantly sought to maintain ties to a multitude of grassroots social movements and developed highly decentralized internal structures. The participatory budget of Porto Alegre enables residents of that city to participate directly in forging the city budget and thus use public resources previously diverted to patronage pay-offs to their roads and electrify their neighborhoods. In these way, the budget process discouraged long-standing traditions of clientelism and promoted what would be called 'synergistic relationship' or 'co-governance'.The participatory budget has produced a synergy between civil associational life, government action, redistribution of basic public goods, and the exercise of formal democratic freedom and human rights both in conventional and new public domains. There has been a real redistribution of public goods, a gradual broadening and deepening of participation, improving governance on the basis of results, transparency and stable institutional arrangements. In this sense, citizenship has become more substantial. So, we could speak of the local-level example of democratic consolidation, the creation of new associational incentives and space, and the overcome of the zero-sum approaches.I address some problems and a viewpoint on the local democracy and decentralization in the chapter 1. Next, chapter 2 examine the possibility of the state-society relationship focusing on mutual empowerment, ambivalence of localism and public space. Chapter 3 analyze the form and process of political reforms and decentralization in Mexico and Mexico City. Chapter 4 discuss mutual development between decentralization and civil society taking up El Barzon movement, NGO linkages to social movements and their networking with each other. Chapter 5 and 6 consider the questions how and to what extent did the participatory budget further the role of civil society, synergy between autonomous grassroots mobilization and associational life covering the four Worker's Party municipal administrations from 1989. Then I could conform a new 'public space' shared by the local state and grassroots organization. Less