Novel signaling function of adipocytes

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Ghrelin increases cytosolic Ca^<2+> concentration ([Ca^<2+>]i) in NPY neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, and leptin counteracted it, in which phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3)-dependent leptin signaling plays a crucial role.Transiently resistin-expressing mice using adenovirus show insulin resistance in islet β-cells via induction of SOCS-3 expression and reduction of Akt phosphorylation and impairs glucose-induced insulin secretion.Oleic acid (OA), interacts with GPR40 in rat islet β-cells to increase [Ca^<2+>]_i via PLC-and L-type Ca^<2+> channel, potentiating insulin release. OA also stimulates glucagon release by increasing [Ca^<2+>]_i via ER Ca^<2+> release in α-cells.Atorvastatin inhibits adipocyte maturation, SLC2A4 expression and insulin action in 3T3-L1 cells. In NSY mice, atorvastatin accelerates glucose intolerance due to insulin resistance and decreased SLC2A4 expression in WAT.Young-adult hyperphagia in GK rats is caused by hyperactivity of ARC NPY neurons, visceral fat accumulation and leptin resistance.