The Evolution of Criminal Law. Constitutional, European and Criminal Policy Influences on Legislation in the Field of Criminal Law

德国立法机构每年大约四次修订《德国刑法》。此类修改--以及没有进一步此类修改--受到宪法法律、欧洲和国际准则以及刑事政策决定的影响和限制。本文分析了宪法、欧洲刑法和刑事政策对当前德国刑法演变的影响，得出了实体法规定所要求的(动态)法律确定性水平的结论。首先分析了刑法领域的制约因素和立法激励因素。其次，分析了欧洲化的立法程序，包括行为者和立法机关在国家和欧洲层面上的相互作用。第三，刑法保障法律确定性的比较(第103条之二)。2《德国基本法》)具有不具追溯力、法律确定性和议会特权的一般宪法原则，为分析刑法条款是否会随着时间推移变得过于不确定而违宪提供了基础。

The German legislature amends the German Criminal Code approximately four times per year. Such modifications – and the absence of further such modifications – are shaped and limited by constitutional law, by European and international norms, and by criminal policy decisions. In this thesis, the influences by constitutional law, European (criminal) law and criminal policy on the current evolution of German criminal law are analysed, and conclusions on the (dynamic) level of legal certainty required for provisions in substantive criminal law are drawn. It focuses firstly on an analysis of the restraints and of the stimulations for legislation in the field of criminal law. Secondly, the Europeanized legislative procedure including the interplay between actors and legislative organs on national and European levels is analysed. Thirdly, a comparison of the criminal law guarantee of legal certainty (Art. 103 Abs. 2 German Basic Law) with the general constitutional principles of non-retroactivity, legal certainty and parliamentary prerogatives provides the basis for an analysis whether criminal law provisions may, with the passage of time, become too uncertain and therefore unconstitutional.