Comparative Research on the System of Control over Justice in China, Vietnam, Russia and Central Asian Countries

本研究的主题是对中国、越南、俄罗斯和中亚国家的司法控制制度进行历史分析，并对分析结果进行比较。我们认为，对司法的控制是指国家立法、行政或司法部门的负责人以及执政党中有影响力的人为了执行国家或执政党的某些具体政策而直接或间接控制司法部门的行动。我们将法官人事、监督审查制度、最高法院法律适用指导方针、法院预算和其他与司法控制有关的制度作为司法控制制度，并明确表明这些制度正在发挥司法控制渠道的作用。

The subject of this research was analyzing historically the system of control over justice in China, Vietnam, Russia and the countries in Central Asia, and comparing the result. We considered control over justice as actions of persons who bear the legislature, the executive or the judiciary of the State, and influential persons in the ruling party to control the judiciary, directly or indirectly, in order to implement certain specific policies of the State or the ruling party. We took up personnel matters regarding judges, supervisory review system, Supreme Court guidelines on application of laws, court budget and other systems related to control over justice as the system of control over justice, and showed clearly that these systems were functioning as a channel of control over justice.