Ontogeny and phylogeny of head development in vertebrates

哺乳动物的比较分析（老鼠，兔子，猪，suncus），爬行动物（壁虎，海龟），鸟类（小鸡），两栖动物（非洲爪蟾），放线菌（腔棘鱼），分支（bichir），硬骨鱼（斑马鱼、青鳉、河豚）、软骨鱼（旱冰鱼）和无颌鱼（七鳃鳗）胚胎，发育和/或基因组，证明1）脊椎动物的胚外头组织与非洲爪蟾的深层内胚层细胞同源，（2）Otx 2基因级联反应在祖先肉鳍类动物中建立，抑制了趋化信号;（3）前神经外胚层在肉鳍类和辐射鳍类动物中发育不同，4）在皮层祖细胞中形成层结构的能力在爬行动物阶段已经建立，而不是在哺乳动物和其他动物中。

Comparative analyses of mammalian (mouse, rabbit, pig, suncus), reptile (gekko, turtle), avian (chick), amphibian (Xenopus), actinist (coelacanth), cladist (bichir), teleost (zebrafish, medaka, fugu), cartillaginous fish (skate) and agnatha (lamprey) embryos, developmentally and/or genomically, demonstrated that 1) extraembryonic head organizer tissues in vertebrates are homologous to deep endoderm cells in Xenopus, 2) Otx2 gene cascade was established in ancestral sarcopterigian to suppress poeteriorizing signals, 3) anterior neuroectoderm develops differently between sarcopterigian and actinopterigian, 4) potency to form layer structures in cortical progenitor cells would have been established in reptile stage, not in mammal, and others.