Evolution and Systematics of Cervus by the Study of Throld's Deer and Chinise Red Deer.

1.形态学研究：白唇鹿与红鹿的中型亚种在体型和体重上相似。新生小鹿在一个半月左右出现白斑。鼻突较宽，侧突、中突和后突的发育，证明该鹿成功地适应了青藏高原。鹿角的每一个齿都从横梁上分开，就像一个在同一平面上的腋。表明白唇鹿鹿茸的形成与梭梭、鲁萨鹿茸的形成基本相似.分布和现状：观察到9个白唇鹿混合群，每个群的大小从5到45只不等。鹿生活在从灌木丛到高山草原，海拔从4000米到5000米不等。发情期发生在10月，当时繁殖群由几只大巴克斯和母鹿组成。该地区家畜的放牧不仅影响鹿的空间分布，还影响季节转换的时间。3.饮食习惯：对白唇鹿粪便和瘤胃内容物样品的分析表明，白唇鹿的内容物中含有大量的禾本科和双子叶植物。这些结果支持了这种鹿将是“食草动物”的预测。行为：在中国的两个鹿场，对圈养白唇鹿在发情期外和发情期间的行为模式和声音谱进行了描述。在母鹿之间的相互作用中观察到三种攻击模式。母鹿也在打滚。低头是雄鹿最常见的攻击性威胁，但它们从未表现出任何形式的抬头。通过光谱分析，发情期公鹿的叫声中，吼叫声最大，也是最显眼的。

1. Morphological Study : The white-lipped deer is similiar in body size and weight to the middle sized subspecies of red deer. The white-spots appear on newborn fawns at aroud one and a half months. The wider nasales, the development of parastyle, mosostyle and metastyle, proves this deer's successful adaptation to the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Each tine branches of the antler off from the beam like an axil on the same plane. These status indicate the white-lipped deer's antler formation is basically similiar to the samber and rusa.2. Distribution and Status : Nine mixed herds of white-lipped deer, ranging in size from 5 to 45 animals each, were observed. The deer lives from the shrubs to alpine grasslands, ranging in altitudes from 4000 to 5000m. The pead of the rut occurred in October, when breeding herds were composed of a few large bucks and does. The pasturing of domestic animals in the area influences not only the spatial distribution of the deer, but also the timing of seasonal shifts.3. Food Habits : Analyses of fecal and rumen content samples of the white-lipped deer revealed that the contents were composed of much graminoids and dicotyledons. These results support the prediction that this deer will be a "grazer".4. Behaviour : behaviour patterns and acoustic repertoire were described for captive white-lipped deer, outside and during the rut at two deer farms in China. Three aggressive patterns during interactions between hinds were observed. Hinds also wallowed. Head down was the most common aggressive threat in stags, but they never displayed any form of head up. Roars were the loudest and most conspicuous calls in stags during the rut were analyzed spectrographically.