Evolution and Systematics of Cervus by the Study of Throld's Deer and Chinise Red Deer.

1.形态研究：白唇鹿的体型和体重与马鹿的中等体型亚种相似。白斑出现在新生幼鹿身上，大约在一个半月大。较宽的鼻翼，副鼻型、苔藓型和转移型的发育，证明了这种鹿成功地适应了青藏高原。鹿角的每一根齿都从横梁上分开，就像同一平面上的腋窝。这些状况表明，白唇鹿的鹿角形态与桑伯鹿和鲁萨鹿基本相似。分布和现状：观察到9个混合的白唇鹿群体，每个群体的大小从5只到45只不等。这种鹿生活在从灌木到高山草原的地方，海拔从4000米到5000米不等。发情的豆子发生在10月份，当时繁殖的牛群由几只大公鹿和公鹿组成。该地区家畜的放牧不仅影响着鹿的空间分布，还影响着季节转换的时间。食性：对白唇鹿的粪便和瘤胃内容物样本进行分析，发现其内容物中含有大量的禾本科植物和双子叶植物。这些结果支持了这种鹿将成为“食草动物”的预测。行为：描述了中国两个养鹿场圈养白唇鹿在室外和发情期的行为模式和发声曲目。在Hinds之间的相互作用中观察到了三种攻击模式。Hinds也沉浸在其中。低头是雄鹿最常见的攻击性威胁，但它们从未表现出任何形式的抬头。对发情期间雄鹿的叫声进行了光谱分析，结果表明，咆哮是最响亮、最明显的叫声。

1. Morphological Study : The white-lipped deer is similiar in body size and weight to the middle sized subspecies of red deer. The white-spots appear on newborn fawns at aroud one and a half months. The wider nasales, the development of parastyle, mosostyle and metastyle, proves this deer's successful adaptation to the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Each tine branches of the antler off from the beam like an axil on the same plane. These status indicate the white-lipped deer's antler formation is basically similiar to the samber and rusa.2. Distribution and Status : Nine mixed herds of white-lipped deer, ranging in size from 5 to 45 animals each, were observed. The deer lives from the shrubs to alpine grasslands, ranging in altitudes from 4000 to 5000m. The pead of the rut occurred in October, when breeding herds were composed of a few large bucks and does. The pasturing of domestic animals in the area influences not only the spatial distribution of the deer, but also the timing of seasonal shifts.3. Food Habits : Analyses of fecal and rumen content samples of the white-lipped deer revealed that the contents were composed of much graminoids and dicotyledons. These results support the prediction that this deer will be a "grazer".4. Behaviour : behaviour patterns and acoustic repertoire were described for captive white-lipped deer, outside and during the rut at two deer farms in China. Three aggressive patterns during interactions between hinds were observed. Hinds also wallowed. Head down was the most common aggressive threat in stags, but they never displayed any form of head up. Roars were the loudest and most conspicuous calls in stags during the rut were analyzed spectrographically.