Evolution and Systematics of Cervus by the Study of Throld's Deer and Chinese Red Deer.

1. 形态学研究：通过计算第一门牙和第一磨牙牙骨质的年层数来确定白唇鹿的确切年龄。根据体型和体重测量结果，7 ~ 13岁牡鹿体重在180 ~ 230公斤之间，平均体重为205公斤。6至14岁的成年公鹿体重80至180公斤，平均124公斤。这些白色斑点出现在大约一个半月大的新生小鹿身上。梅花鹿的眶窝比梅花鹿和桑鹿等其他动物的眶窝大。更宽的鼻鼻也是这个物种的特征。这些特征被认为是白唇鹿适应青藏高原寒冷气候和恶劣环境的结果。鹿角的特点是每一个角都像同一平面上的一个叶腋一样从梁上分叉。分布：生活在海拔4000 - 5000米的云杉林上方的杜鹃花灌丛和高山草原之间。家畜的放牧不仅影响鹿群的空间分布，而且影响季节变化的时间。鹿群主要分布在川西地区，在青海省有一些分散的种群处于濒危状态。生态学结果：从粪便和瘤胃内容物的结果来看，白唇鹿似乎是典型的食草动物。观察到后肢之间有三种攻击模式。头朝下的姿势是雄鹿最常见的攻击性威胁，但它们从未表现出任何形式的头朝上的威胁。吼声是雄鹿发情期最响亮、最明显的叫声，对其进行了光谱分析。根据其行为特征，交配系统被认为是后宫类型。

1. Morphological Study : The exact age of white-lipped deer was determined by counting the annual layers of dental cementum on the first incisor and the first molar. The results of the body size and weight measurements, 7-13 year old stags were estimated to weight from 180 to 230kg, with an average weight of 205kg. Adult does between the ages of 6 and 14 weight from 80 to 180kg, averaging 124kg. The white spots appear on newborn fawns at around one and a half months. The fossa of the inflaorbital gland is larger than that of other species including sika deer and samber. The wider nasales are also characteristics of this species. These characteristics are thought to be the result of the white-lipped deer's adaptation to the cold climate and harsh environment of the Tibetan Plateau. The characteristics of the antlers is that each tine branches off from the beam like an axil on the same plane.2. Distribution : This deer lived from the rhododendron scrub just above the spruce forests to alpine grasslands, ranging in altitudes from 4000 to 5000m. The pasturing of domestic animals in the area influences not only the spatial distribution of the deer, but also the timing of seasonal shifts. The main distribution of the deer is in western Sichuan Province and some scattered populations in Qinghai Province are endangered.3. Ecological Result : From the result of the fecal and rumen contents, the white-lipped deer seems to be a typical grazer. Three aggressive patterns between hinds were observed. The head down posture was the most common aggressive threat in stags, but they never displayed any form of the head up threat. Roars were the loudest and most conspicuous calls in stags during the rut and were analyzed spectrographically. The mating system was thought to be a harem type based on its behavioral characteristics.