Evolution and Systematics of Cervus by the Study of Throld's Deer and Chinese Red Deer.

1.形态学研究：白唇鹿的确切年龄是通过计算第一门齿和第一磨牙上牙骨质的年层来确定的。7-13岁公鹿体尺和体重测定结果表明，公鹿体重180 ~ 230 kg，平均205 kg。6至14岁的成年人体重从80至180公斤，平均124公斤。新生的小鹿大约在一个半月的时候会出现白色斑点。眶内腺的窝比其他物种包括西卡鹿和海金沙大。宽鼻也是这个物种的特征。这些特征被认为是白唇鹿适应青藏高原寒冷气候和恶劣环境的结果。鹿角的特点是每一个齿都从横梁上分叉出来，就像一个在同一平面上的腋。配送：这种鹿生活在从云杉林上方的杜鹃花灌木丛到高山草原，海拔从4000米到5000米不等。该地区家畜的放牧不仅影响鹿的空间分布，而且影响季节变化的时间。四川省西部是其主要分布区，青海省有零星分布的种群，目前已濒临灭绝.生态学结果：从粪便和瘤胃内容物的结果来看，白唇鹿似乎是一种典型的食草动物。母鹿之间的三种攻击模式进行了观察。低头姿势是雄鹿最常见的攻击性威胁，但它们从未表现出任何形式的抬头威胁。吼叫是发情期雄鹿最响亮、最显眼的叫声，并进行了光谱分析。根据其行为特征，交配系统被认为是一种后宫类型。

1. Morphological Study : The exact age of white-lipped deer was determined by counting the annual layers of dental cementum on the first incisor and the first molar. The results of the body size and weight measurements, 7-13 year old stags were estimated to weight from 180 to 230kg, with an average weight of 205kg. Adult does between the ages of 6 and 14 weight from 80 to 180kg, averaging 124kg. The white spots appear on newborn fawns at around one and a half months. The fossa of the inflaorbital gland is larger than that of other species including sika deer and samber. The wider nasales are also characteristics of this species. These characteristics are thought to be the result of the white-lipped deer's adaptation to the cold climate and harsh environment of the Tibetan Plateau. The characteristics of the antlers is that each tine branches off from the beam like an axil on the same plane.2. Distribution : This deer lived from the rhododendron scrub just above the spruce forests to alpine grasslands, ranging in altitudes from 4000 to 5000m. The pasturing of domestic animals in the area influences not only the spatial distribution of the deer, but also the timing of seasonal shifts. The main distribution of the deer is in western Sichuan Province and some scattered populations in Qinghai Province are endangered.3. Ecological Result : From the result of the fecal and rumen contents, the white-lipped deer seems to be a typical grazer. Three aggressive patterns between hinds were observed. The head down posture was the most common aggressive threat in stags, but they never displayed any form of the head up threat. Roars were the loudest and most conspicuous calls in stags during the rut and were analyzed spectrographically. The mating system was thought to be a harem type based on its behavioral characteristics.