Anthropological Study on the Dual Economy in Traditional Societies

本研究由六位学者自1996年4月至1998年3月进行，历时三年。传统社会中的二元经济问题是经济学家和社会学家们公认的一个重要课题。前者在传统部门和现代部门双重划分的框架内进行论述，讨论了货币经济如何渗透和侵蚀传统部门，调查的接受和效率问题，消费品需求的有限性，以及技术创新在这种社会中的影响。后者则探讨了传统交换制度对资本主义渗透的适应性。他们都认为传统部门应该被现代资本主义内部化，然而人类学对传统社会的研究却越来越多地表明，传统部门与现代部门是互补的，而传统部门的保守制度却选择性地吸收了现代部门的成分。我们试图从比较的角度来澄清土著生态/经济活动的复杂结构。我们都强调更多的民族志材料，而不是不切实际的主张，如全球系统和抽象的解释。Sato和Soga分别分析了肯尼亚北方的Rendille和Gabra游牧民族、非洲热带雨林的俾格米人（Pygmies）和Ichikawa和Terashima狩猎采集民族的牲畜交易，Ushijima和Sekine分别分析了菲律宾的家庭经济以及印度民族主义与国家中心发展政策的相互关系。我们所有的分析都发现，二元经济是由与共同福利共存的原则支持的，反对渗透现代资本主义。

The studies on this research project have been carried out by six scholars for three years from April, 1996, to March, 1998. The subject of dual economy in traditional societies are regarded as settled one for the most of economists and sociologists. The former deals with it within a framework of dual divisions of traditional and modem sections, and discusses how the monetary economy penetrates and erodes into traditional sector, the problem of acceptance and efficiency of investigation, the limited demand of consuming goods, and the effects of innovated techniques in such societies. The latter inquiries the fitness of traditional exchange system to the infiltrating capitalism. The both of them assume that the traditional sector should be internalized into the modern capitalism.Anthropological studies of traditional societies, however, increasingly show us that traditional sector is complementary to modem sector, and yet that the former's conservative system selectively the latter's element. We tried to clarify the complex structure of indigenous ecological/economic activities from the comparative viewpoints. All of us emphasized more ethnographic materials than impractical propositions, for example global system and abstractive interpretation. Sato and Soga analyzed livestock transactions in the pastoral peoples, Rendille and Gabra, of northern Kenya, Ichikawa and Terashima hunter-gatherers, Pygmies, of African tropical rain forest, and Ushijima and Sekine analyzed cottage economy of Philippine and the interrelation of nationalism with state-centered development policy in India, respectively. All of our analysis discern that the dual economy is supported by the principle of coexistence with communal well-being against penetrating modern capitalism.