Anthropological Study on the Dual Economy in Traditional Societies

从1996年4月到1998年3月，六位学者对这一研究项目进行了长达三年的研究。传统社会中的二元经济问题被大多数经济学家和社会学家认为是一个固定的话题。前者在传统部门和现代部门双重划分的框架下处理它，并讨论了货币经济如何渗透和侵蚀传统部门，调查的接受和效率问题，消费商品的有限需求，以及创新技术在这些社会中的作用。后者质疑传统的交换制度是否适合资本主义的渗透。他们都认为传统部门应该内化为现代资本主义。然而，对传统社会的人类学研究越来越多地表明，传统部门与现代部门是相辅相成的，而前者的保守制度又选择性地取代了后者的因素。我们试图从比较的角度澄清土著生态/经济活动的复杂结构。我们所有人都强调更多的民族志材料，而不是不切实际的命题，例如全球体系和抽象解释。佐藤和Soga分析了肯尼亚北部牧民Rendille和Gabra的牲畜交易，Ichikawa和Terashima狩猎采集人，非洲热带雨林的俾格米人，Ushijima和Sekine分别分析了菲律宾的家庭经济以及民族主义与印度以国家为中心的发展政策的相互关系。我们所有的分析都发现，二元经济得到了与公共福祉共存的原则的支持，反对渗透现代资本主义。

The studies on this research project have been carried out by six scholars for three years from April, 1996, to March, 1998. The subject of dual economy in traditional societies are regarded as settled one for the most of economists and sociologists. The former deals with it within a framework of dual divisions of traditional and modem sections, and discusses how the monetary economy penetrates and erodes into traditional sector, the problem of acceptance and efficiency of investigation, the limited demand of consuming goods, and the effects of innovated techniques in such societies. The latter inquiries the fitness of traditional exchange system to the infiltrating capitalism. The both of them assume that the traditional sector should be internalized into the modern capitalism.Anthropological studies of traditional societies, however, increasingly show us that traditional sector is complementary to modem sector, and yet that the former's conservative system selectively the latter's element. We tried to clarify the complex structure of indigenous ecological/economic activities from the comparative viewpoints. All of us emphasized more ethnographic materials than impractical propositions, for example global system and abstractive interpretation. Sato and Soga analyzed livestock transactions in the pastoral peoples, Rendille and Gabra, of northern Kenya, Ichikawa and Terashima hunter-gatherers, Pygmies, of African tropical rain forest, and Ushijima and Sekine analyzed cottage economy of Philippine and the interrelation of nationalism with state-centered development policy in India, respectively. All of our analysis discern that the dual economy is supported by the principle of coexistence with communal well-being against penetrating modern capitalism.