Anthropological Study on the Subsistance Pastoralism and Local Commercial Network in Northern Area of East Africa

这项研究项目是在加里兰及其周边地区进行的，该地区位于Echiopia之间的边境地区。索马里和肯尼亚。从社会历史和生态学的角度分析了牲畜交易和中间商的活动。并进一步阐明了生存性畜牧业和过境性商业化的复杂结构.边境地区的社会历史背景：在这一地区的Borana文化，其特点是加达系统。奥罗莫-博兰语和畜牧业。以基督教为特征的阿姆哈拉文化。阿姆哈拉语和要塞哨所。以伊斯兰教为特色的索马里文化。索马里语和骆驼放牧以一种错综复杂的方式相互联系。尤其是。Somaroid peoples（Rendille.加里加布拉古拉佐久耶加洛马罗和阿朱兰）都受到了这三种文化的影响。被迫分裂或重组.网络 ...更多信息 地方商业网络：地方商业网络是由区域外的贸易构成的。在该地区和生存的畜牧业。与阿迪斯相连的北方贸易。与内罗毕相连的南向贸易和与印度洋相连的东向贸易都在边境地区中转。该地区以外的贸易由索马里和加里商人垄断。他们把家庭分散到重要的城镇，为商业网络提供住所。Also.他们通过买卖婚姻联盟来谋求家族生意。他们的家族群体的个性和商业策略比传统的血统价值观更受欢迎。伊斯兰教的认同和团结使这一战略成为可能，农村商人自己承担了区域内的贸易。他们将家庭分散在农村城镇和移动的定居点，这样他们既可以经营商店，又可以饲养牲畜。他们认为这两种生活方式是相互联系的，并将它们复合在一起，构成了商业畜牧业。商业性畜牧业：商业性畜牧业（索马里人和加里人）不同于自给性畜牧业（图尔卡纳人）。桑布鲁Gabra和Rendille人）。后者将放牧生活方式视为其身份的重要因素，并在牧场上生活。他们倾向于在萧条时期而不是繁荣时期出售股票。在有利的条件下。他们进行目标销售。目的是为特定目的获取即时现金。他们的股份是共同财产，以促进他们的团结。前者分享伊斯兰价值观，并将放牧的生活方式与商业主义相结合。加里的例子是商业畜牧业。他们对商业利润的追求并不比专业化的城镇商人更彻底。他们并不像牧民那样受到领地和血统制度的束缚。然而.这样的生活方式应该被看作是一种独特的生活方式，而不是折衷的生活方式。少

This research project was carried out in the Garriland and its surrounding area which is situated in the border area between Echiopia. Somalia and Kenya. The livestock transactions and the activity of medium merchants are analized from the view-point of socio-history and ecology. and then the complex structure which is composed of subsistance pastoralism and transit commercialism will be clarified.1. the socio-historical background of the border area :In this area Borana culture which is characterized by Gada-system. Oromo-Boran language and cattle herding. Amharic culture characterized by Christianity. Amharic language and fortress post. and Somali culture characterized by Islamism. Somali language and camel herding are interconnected in an intricate way. Especially. Somaroid peoples( Rendille. Garri. Gabra. Gura. Sakuye. Garromaro. and Ajuran) have been influenced by these three cultures. and have been compelled to split into several ethnic groups or to reorganize them.2. the network … More of local commercialism :The network of local commercialism is composed of the trade out of the area. that within the area and the subsistance pastoralism. The northward trade which is connected with Addis Ababa. the southward trade connected with Nairobi and the eastward trade connected with Indian ocean are relayed on the border area. The trade out of the area is monopolized by the Somali and Garri merchants. They separate their families into important towns to make lodgements for commercial network. Also. they pursuit for the family business through matrimonial alliance between the trade. The individuality of their family groups and the commercial strategy are preferred to the traditional descent value. The Islamite identity and solidarity makes such strategy feasible.The rural merchants take the trade within the area upon themselves. They separate their families between rural town and mobile settlement so that they can both manage shop and rear livestock. They regard the two ways of life interconnected and compound them to make up the commercial pastoralism.3. the commercial pastoralism :The commercial pastoralism ( the Somali and Garri peoples ) is distinct from the subsistence pastoralism ( the Turkana. Samburu. Gabra and Rendille peoples ). The latter regard the herding way of life as the important element of their identity and live on the rangeland. They tend to sell stock in time of depression rather than boom. Under favourable conditions. they engage in target-sales. where the object is to acquire immediate cash sum for specific purpose. Their stock are shared property in order to promote their solidarity.The former share lslamite value and compound the herding way of life with commercialism. The Garri example commecial pastoralism. They make no more exhaustive pursuit for commercial profit than the specialized town merchants. They are not more bound by territoriality and descent system than the subsistance herders. However. such a way of life should be regarded as peculiar life-style rather than as the eclectic life-style. Less