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The Behavioral Ecology of Chimpanzees

黑猩猩的行为生态学

基本信息

批准号：
01041052
负责人：
NISHIDA Toshisada
金额：
$ 8.51万
依托单位：
Kyoto University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for international Scientific Research
财政年份：
1989
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1989 至 1990
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-01041052/
关键词：
Chimpanzee Mahale Mountains National Park Weaning conflict Reciprocity Meat-sharing Predation on chimpanzees by lions Cannibalism Medicinal plants

项目摘要

At the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania, social behaviors of habituated chimpanzees were studied. Major discoveries are as follows : (1) Intense mother-offspring conflicts occurred when mothers resumed their postpartum estrus. Weaning infants were upset by mothers' weaning behaviors and protested with whimper-screams and/or violent temper tantrums when their mothers declined their requests of suckling or transport, supplanted their feeding sites, made off leaving them behind, or mated with males. Mothers reassured their infants by embracing, grooming and/or permission of incestuous mating if the infant is male. Mothers usually permitted to suckle or ride on their backs after prolonged requests by infants. Mothers frequently shared food when infants begged for it. Weaning infants interrupted mothers' mating by pushing themselves between mothers and their mates. The rate of sexual harassment by infants was the increasing function of the ages of mating partners of mothers. (2) Grooming among adult males tended to be reciprocal or mutual when they are of similar age. Young adult males tended to groom older males without being reciprocated even when the latters were lower-ranking. (3) The alpha male of the study group shared meat with particular past-prime males, but not with the second-ranking and other young higher-ranking males. He groomed with, and supported in conflicts, those males that he often gave meat. Thus, meat-sharing by the alpha male could be regarded as a coalition strategy. He also frequently shared meat with his mother and past and current mating partners. (4) Bones, hair and teeth of chimpanzees were found in the faeces of lions six times. This was the first record of predation on wild chimpanzees by non-human animals. (5) Within-group infanticide and cannibalism by adult males was observed in detail. (6) The number of intestinal parasites and the use of medicinal plants increased in the rainy season.

在坦桑尼亚的马哈尔山脉，研究了习惯性黑猩猩的社会行为。主要发现如下：（1）当母鼠恢复产后发情时，母子间发生了激烈的冲突。断奶婴儿对母亲的断奶行为感到不安，当他们的母亲拒绝了他们的哺乳或运输要求，取代了他们的喂养场所，离开了他们，或与男性交配时，他们会用呜咽尖叫和/或暴力发脾气来抗议。如果婴儿是男性，母亲会通过拥抱、梳理和/或允许乱伦交配来安抚婴儿。在婴儿长时间的要求下，母亲通常被允许骑在婴儿的背上。当婴儿乞求时，母亲经常分享食物。断奶的婴儿通过在母亲和配偶之间挤来挤去打断母亲的交配。婴儿性骚扰发生率随母亲配偶年龄的增加而增加。(2)成年雄性的梳理行为在年龄相近时往往是相互的或互惠的。年轻的成年雄性倾向于梳理年长的雄性，即使后者的级别较低，也不会得到回报。(3)研究组中的雄性首领与特定的过壮年雄性分享肉类，但不与排名第二和其他年轻的更高排名的雄性分享肉类。他与那些他经常吃肉的雄性一起培养，并在冲突中支持它们。因此，雄性首领分享肉类可以被视为一种联盟策略。他还经常与他的母亲和过去和现在的交配伙伴分享肉类。(4)在狮子的粪便中发现了六次黑猩猩的骨头、毛发和牙齿。这是第一次有非人类动物捕食野生黑猩猩的记录。(5)详细观察了成年雄性的组内杀鼠剂和同类相食。(6)在雨季，肠道寄生虫的数量和药用植物的使用增加。