Local behavioral variations and acquisition processes of cultural behavior patterns among wild chimpanzees

野生黑猩猩的局部行为变异和文化行为模式的习得过程

基本信息

批准号：
12375003
负责人：
NISHIDA Toshisada
金额：
$ 30.94万
依托单位：
Kyoto University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)
财政年份：
2000
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2000 至 2003
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

We visited six field sites of chimpanzees: Mahale, Gombe (Tanzania), Kanyawara, Ngogo, Budongo (Uganda), and Bossou (Guinea) and compared their behavioral patterns among them. We also studied the development of the cultural behavior at Mahale. We discovered many local differences in behavior such as patterns of social scratch, grooming vocalizations, play, water contact behavior, intimidation displays, courtship displays, and self-medications. A play pattern named "Leaf-pile pulling" is shown by many juveniles and old infants of Mahale and has persisted for at least more than 10 years. However, this pattern has not been confirmed to exist as a tradition elsewhere. Juveniles at Mahale show various play patterns in response to running water of streams. Facing with the water surface, several male juveniles and adolescents may shake their head longitudinally violently as if enjoying the movements of their own mirror images. Several juveniles engage in so-called "leaf-sponging" and also use … More the leaf midrib for the similar purpose. Such diversified patterns of water play may be fashions or incipient traditions since they have a likelihood of having been transmitted from a juvenile to another, but there are some subtle behavioral differences between 2000 and 1994 as observed in video clips. It is very likely that intimidation displays such as "Throw splash" and courtship displays such as "Leaf-clipping" and "Shrub-bend" are among the traditions of Mahale chimpanzees. Patterns such as "Heel kick," "Palm squash of ecto-parasites," and "mutual touching of sexual skin" that have been newly recorded at Bossou have never been observed at Mahale. From a longitudinal study at Mahale, it has proved that individuals acquire cultural patterns sequentially: first feeding behavior then grooming behavior, and followed by tool-using and courtship displays, and finally intimidation displays. It is likely that they acquire almost all traditions by the weaning period. Social learning process has been suggested for the formation of "Grooming-hand-clasp," in which mothers may teach their infant offspring how to grasp hands by "molding." An adult female was shown to keep the mode of clasp pattern of her old group even 20 years after her immigration to a new group. Innovation by individuals likely occurs repeatedly among wild chimpanzees, but may rarely be fixed as a cultural pattern. The fact that we can find many local behavioral differences in chimpanzees may be partly explained by the slow process of dissemination from a group to another. In order to investigate the similarity between fathers and offspring, we have collected DNA sample such as feces from all the individuals of M group and are analyzing genes on the Y-chromosome. Less

我们参观了黑猩猩的六个场地：Mahale，Gombe（坦桑尼亚），Kanyawara，Ngogo，Budongo（乌干达）和Bossou（几内亚），并比较了他们中间的行为模式。我们还研究了玛哈尔文化行为的发展。我们在行为上发现了许多局部差异，例如社交刮擦模式，修饰声音，游戏，水接触行为，恐吓表现，求爱表现和自我药物。 Mahale的许多少年和老婴儿显示了一个名为“叶折拉的”的游戏图案，并且至少持续了10年以上。但是，这种模式尚未被确认为传统的其他地方。玛哈尔（Mahale）的少年响应溪流的流水显示各种游戏模式。面对水面，几名男性少年和青少年可能会纵向挥舞着头，好像享受着自己的镜像的动作一样。几名少年参与所谓的“叶串”，还使用……更多的叶子中列叶出于类似的目的。这种多样化的水玩耍模式可能是时尚或初期的传统，因为它们的可能性是从少年传播到另一种的可能性，但是在视频片段中观察到的2000年至1994年之间存在一些细微的行为差异。诸如“扔掉”和诸如诸如“叶片叶子”和“灌木弯”之类的求爱的恐吓表现很可能是Mahale Chimpanzees的传统之一。从未在Mahale观察到诸如Bossou新记录的“脚跟踢”，“ Ecto-Parsites的棕榈南瓜”和“性皮肤的相互接触”之类的模式。从马哈尔（Mahale）的一项纵向研究中，它证明了个人依次获得文化模式：首先喂养行为，然后再修饰行为，然后进行工具使用和求爱的展示，最后显示了恐吓。他们可能在断奶时期获得几乎所有传统。已经提出了社会学习过程，以形成“修饰手”，在这种过程中，母亲可以教他们的婴儿后代如何通过“成型”抓住手。即使在移民到新群体的20年后，一名成年女性也能保留其旧组的扣子模式。个人的创新可能是在野生黑猩猩之间反复发生的，但很少被视为一种文化模式。我们可以发现黑猩猩的许多局部行为差异的事实可以部分通过一个从一个群体到另一个人的群体传播的缓慢过程来解释。为了研究父亲和后代之间的相似性，我们收集了来自M组所有个体的粪便等DNA样本，并在Y染色体上进行了分析。较少的