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Local behavioral variations and acquisition processes of cultural behavior patterns among wild chimpanzees

野生黑猩猩的局部行为变异和文化行为模式的习得过程

基本信息

批准号：
12375003
负责人：
NISHIDA Toshisada
金额：
$ 30.94万
依托单位：
Kyoto University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)
财政年份：
2000
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2000 至 2003
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

We visited six field sites of chimpanzees: Mahale, Gombe (Tanzania), Kanyawara, Ngogo, Budongo (Uganda), and Bossou (Guinea) and compared their behavioral patterns among them. We also studied the development of the cultural behavior at Mahale. We discovered many local differences in behavior such as patterns of social scratch, grooming vocalizations, play, water contact behavior, intimidation displays, courtship displays, and self-medications. A play pattern named "Leaf-pile pulling" is shown by many juveniles and old infants of Mahale and has persisted for at least more than 10 years. However, this pattern has not been confirmed to exist as a tradition elsewhere. Juveniles at Mahale show various play patterns in response to running water of streams. Facing with the water surface, several male juveniles and adolescents may shake their head longitudinally violently as if enjoying the movements of their own mirror images. Several juveniles engage in so-called "leaf-sponging" and also use … More the leaf midrib for the similar purpose. Such diversified patterns of water play may be fashions or incipient traditions since they have a likelihood of having been transmitted from a juvenile to another, but there are some subtle behavioral differences between 2000 and 1994 as observed in video clips. It is very likely that intimidation displays such as "Throw splash" and courtship displays such as "Leaf-clipping" and "Shrub-bend" are among the traditions of Mahale chimpanzees. Patterns such as "Heel kick," "Palm squash of ecto-parasites," and "mutual touching of sexual skin" that have been newly recorded at Bossou have never been observed at Mahale. From a longitudinal study at Mahale, it has proved that individuals acquire cultural patterns sequentially: first feeding behavior then grooming behavior, and followed by tool-using and courtship displays, and finally intimidation displays. It is likely that they acquire almost all traditions by the weaning period. Social learning process has been suggested for the formation of "Grooming-hand-clasp," in which mothers may teach their infant offspring how to grasp hands by "molding." An adult female was shown to keep the mode of clasp pattern of her old group even 20 years after her immigration to a new group. Innovation by individuals likely occurs repeatedly among wild chimpanzees, but may rarely be fixed as a cultural pattern. The fact that we can find many local behavioral differences in chimpanzees may be partly explained by the slow process of dissemination from a group to another. In order to investigate the similarity between fathers and offspring, we have collected DNA sample such as feces from all the individuals of M group and are analyzing genes on the Y-chromosome. Less

我们访问了六个黑猩猩的野外地点：Mahale，贡贝（坦桑尼亚），Kanyawara，Ngogo，Budongo（乌干达）和Bossou（几内亚），并比较了它们的行为模式。我们还研究了马哈尔文化行为的发展。我们发现了许多地方的行为差异，如社会抓挠，梳理发声，游戏，水接触行为，恐吓显示，求爱显示，和自我药物的模式。一种名为“拉树叶堆”的游戏模式在马哈尔的许多幼仔和大婴儿中表现出来，并至少持续了10多年。然而，这一模式尚未被证实在其他地方作为一种传统存在。在Mahale的少年显示各种游戏模式，以应对流水的溪流。面对水面，几个男性少年和青少年可能会纵向猛烈摇头，好像享受自己的镜像运动。一些青少年从事所谓的“叶子海绵”， ...更多信息叶中脉也有类似的作用。这种多样化的玩水模式可能是时尚或早期的传统，因为它们有可能从一个少年传播到另一个少年，但从视频剪辑中观察到，2000年和1994年之间存在一些微妙的行为差异。很可能像“扔水花”这样的恐吓表演和像“剪树叶”和“弯灌木”这样的求偶表演是马哈尔黑猩猩的传统。在博苏新记录的“脚跟踢”、“外寄生虫的手掌挤压”和“性皮肤的相互接触”等模式在马哈尔从未观察到。在Mahale的纵向研究中，它证明了个体获得文化模式的顺序：首先是喂食行为，然后是梳理行为，然后是工具使用和求偶展示，最后是恐吓展示。他们很可能在断奶期就获得了几乎所有的传统。社会学习过程被认为是形成“理毛-握手”的过程，在这个过程中，母亲可能会通过“塑造”来教她们的婴儿如何握手。“一只成年雌性被证明即使在她移民到一个新的群体20年后也能保持她的老群体的扣钩模式。个体创新可能在野生黑猩猩中反复发生，但很少被固定为文化模式。我们可以在黑猩猩身上发现许多局部行为差异，这一事实可以部分解释为从一个群体到另一个群体传播的缓慢过程。为了调查父亲和后代之间的相似性，我们收集了M组所有个体的粪便等DNA样本，并正在分析Y染色体上的基因。少