Comparative study of the behavior of the genus Pan by compiling video ethogram.

众所周知，黑猩猩（泛troglodytes）和倭黑猩猩（Pan paniscus）表现出大量的地方差异，以及年龄、性别和特质上的差异。在什么样的领域，局部行为差异最为显著？当我们想要解决人类文化的起源时，这是一个需要解决的重要问题。地方差异的程度还没有很好地阐明。部分原因是在大多数黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩的研究地点缺乏详细的族谱。这项研究的目的是澄清黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩之间的行为比较。我们需要这样的比较来重建人类和潘人最后的共同祖先的行为。我们从本研究中得到以下结果。1.几内亚和坦桑尼亚的黑猩猩在工具使用行为的六个方面存在差异。梳理毛发、性行为和安抚行为在黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩之间是不同的。(1)在倭黑猩猩中，3只以上的个体同时梳理毛发和相互梳理毛发的现象很少。(2)。婴儿倭黑猩猩从未被观察到干扰其母亲的交配。(3)在倭黑猩猩中从未观察到上马作为一种压力行为。这些发现以前没有报道过。通过本研究，阐明了视频族谱在物种间或同一物种不同种群间的行为比较中是有用的。

It has been known that chimpanzees(Pan troglodytes)and bonobos(Pan paniscus)show a great deal of local, as well as age, sex and idiosyncratic, differences. In what kind of domain are local behavioral differences most remarkable? This is an important question to be addressed when we want to solve the origins of human culture. The extent of local differences has not well been elucidated. This is partly bacause of the lack of detailed ethogram in most of the study sites of chimpanzees and bonobos. This study aims to clarify the behavioral comparisons between chimpanzees and bonobos. We need such comparisons in order to reconstruct the behavior of the last common ancestors of Homo and Pan.We obtained the following results from the present study. 1.Six repertories of tool use behavior were different between the chimpanzees in Guinea and Tanzania, 2.Grooming, sexual behavior and reassurance behavior were different between the chimpanzees and the bonobos. (1)Simultaneous grooming among more than three individuals and mutual grooming were seldom observed among benobos. (2).Infant bonobos were never observed to disturb copulation of their mothers. (3)Mounting as ressurance behavior was never observed among bonobos. These findings have not been reported before. From the present study, it was clarified that the video ethograms were useful for comparisons on behavior between species or different populations of the same species.