Theoretical and Empirical Studies on Japanese Employment Systems

本研究从理论上和经验上研究了实验室投入内部化的原因和对内部实验室市场的工资概况的确定（年龄的工资差异）。几乎所有现有的国际化模型都是以特定人类资本的概念为基础的，但这项研究已经证明了工人之间的合作的好处，而且，在国际化发展足够的情况下，国际转移者已经变得现实。在关于确定工资概况的理论中，特定的符号已经被放置在对概况的变化的解释上。现有的关于工资概况的模型很难解释变异，但本研究指出，要将这样的因素作为变异吸收由风险中性公司在不同世代工人之间的消费和分享这些风险，作为一些结构和机构因素的吸收。我对工资概况的变化进行了一项大规模的经验研究，并获得了支持以上理论的结果。我也有一项经验性研究，以比较我的理论的有效性和众所周知的竞争理论，而不是关于工资概况的必要性。如果考虑到有效实验室需求的比率的影响，以有效地在几次不同日期的工资概况上供应，我向你展示了那些竞争理论并不那么强大。这些经验分析是基于时间序列数据的，我有一个不受影响的交叉--基于作为良好和获得的结果的部分分析，我的理论是最有利的。最后，自教育背景以来，一直是工资差异最重要的因素之一，使用交叉-部门数据我分析了对社会经济因素的特殊关注的更高教育入学决定因素。

This research has studied theoretically and empirically the causes of internalization of labor input and the determination of wage profiles (wage differentials by age) in internal labor markets. Almost all existing models on internalization are based on the concept of specific human capital, but this research has emphasized the benefit of cooperation among workers and that of intergenerational transfers which are realized when internalization develops enough. In the theory on the determination of wage profiles, particular emphasis has been placed on an explanation of variation of profiles. The existing models on wage profiles hardly explain the variation, but this research pointed out such factors for variation as absorption by risk-neutral firms of risks facing workers in consumption and sharing of those risks among workers of different generations, as well as some structural and institutional factors. I have undertaken large-scale empirical studies on the variation of wage profiles and obtained results that support the above theory. I have also undertaken empirical studies that compare the validity of my theory with that of well-known competing theories, which are not necessarily theories on wage profiles. By considering the effects of ratios of effective labor demand to effective supply on wage profiles at several different dates, I have shown that those competing theories are not so powerful. Though these empirical analyses are based on time-series data, I have undertaken crossーsectional analyses based on prefectural data as well and obtained results favorable to my theory. Finally, since educational background is one of the most important factors for wage differentials, by using crossーsectional data I have analyzed the determinants of higher education enrollment with special attention to socio-economic factors.