The Change of Representative Democracy and the Comparative Constitutional Study of Government Subsidy to the pditical parties

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As 1992 was the last year of this research, we performed a comprehensive study using the results of the first two years. That is, in the first year, we studied the scheme of the theoretical history of representative democracy and political party system in the former study of constitutional law. And next year, we studied out both universality and specificity after the concentrated study of each country, and considered the present conditions of Japan as well. Basing on them, we led out certain conclusions about the propriety of government subsidies to the political parties under the political, cultural circumstances of Japan.Concretely, we studied both the present conditions of government subsidies and the theories that sustain or criticize them in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, and New Zealand. As a result, we came to common facts such as the weakness of representative democracy because of the advance of mass-society, or the changes of the election campaign, and the differences of the history of representative democracy against them.Using those results, we critically studied the trials of the reform of electoral system and the introduction of government subsidy by the "political reform" in Japan. In this way, we were able to understand the "political reform" as one of the political reforms of the advanced capitalist countries, and were able to recognize how the sovereignty of the nation and the democracy could be carried out in the very specific political circumstances of Japan.