From the Structural Goal/Expectation Theory to the Theory of Instrumental Cooperation

我们在面对社会困境的情况下提出了人与人之间工具性合作的理论。这一目标是通过认识到激励结构转型的至关重要性来实现的，不是以减少“叛逃诱惑”的形式，而是以N人保证博弈的形式。在一系列的实验室实验和计算机模拟中，我们已经证明了社会困境问题的广泛“解决方案”都涉及这种形式的转变（从NPD到NAG）;本研究分析的解决方案包括：（1）PD网络结构的出现，（2）面对反复出现的社会困境的群体成员自愿采用某些类型的策略，（3）无元规范的规范涌现中的“联系”策略。还证明了Pruitt和Kimmel提出的原始目标/期望理论涉及同一国王的激励结构的主观转换（即，从NPD到NAG）。这些发现为工具合作理论的发展提供了一个重要的突破，因为NPD到NAG的转化为解决二阶困境问题提供了一种有效的手段。

We proposed to advance the theory of instrumental cooperation among people facing a social dilemma situation. This goal was achieved through the realization of the critical importance of the transformation of the incentive structure not in the form of reducing "temptation for defection" but in the form of N-person Assurance Game. In a series of laboratory experiments and computer simulations, we have demonstrated that a wide range of "solutions" to the social dilemmas problem involve this form of transformation (from NPD to NAG); the kinds of solutions analyzed in this research included (1) emergence of PD-network structures, (2) voluntary adoption of certain types of strategies by group members facing an iterated social dilemma, (3) the "linkage" strategy in the emergence of norms without meta-norms. It was also demonstrated that the original goal/expectation theory proposed by Pruitt and Kimmel involved the subjective transformation of the incentive structure of the same king (i.e., from NPD to NAG). These findings provide an important breakthrough in the development of the theory of instrumental cooperation, since the transformation of NPD to NAG provides an effective means for resolving the second-order dilemma problem.