Study on Conservation for Lacquer and Varnish

这项研究的目的是为了找到一种合适的方法来保护涂有乌鲁士、丹玛等天然树脂的历史文物。乌鲁士文物在亚洲和欧洲也是流行的历史文物材料。大约从14世纪开始，许多乌鲁什文物从日本进口，中国和东南亚生长着不同种类的乌鲁士树。进口的乌鲁士实物肯定是用欧洲另一种天然树脂来模仿进行大规模生产的。然后是各种天然树脂材料。因此，对它们的保护需要仔细研究。对德国的乌鲁士实物进行了研究。研究表明，这些文物可分为三类：(1)日本的乌鲁士实物，(2)中国的茜草制品和(3)仿制品。琉球制品可能位于(1)和(2)之间。为了研究它们的差异，日本的哇岛和冲绳(琉球)研究了传统的茜草技术。由于固化的茜草不能被任何溶剂溶解，所以很难分析。用裂解气相色谱进行分析，一些羽衣样品显示出与正品相似的典型热谱图。这种热解气相色谱方法具有样品量少，分析时间短，不需要前处理的优点。

The study was conducted in order to know a proper way for conservation of historical objects coated by natural resins such as Urusgi, dammar.Urushi objects are popular material for historical objects in Asia and in Europe also.From about 14th century many Urushi objects have been imported from Japan, China and South-East Asia where different kinds of urushi trees are grown up.Imported urushi objects were certainly imitated with another natural resins in Europe for mass production.Then "urushi" objects include many kinds of natural resin materials.Careful study is needed for their conservation as a result.Research was done on urushi objects in Germany.It showed that the objects were categorized into three groups : (1) Japanese urushi objects, (2)Chinese urushi objects and (3) imitated urushi objects.Ryukyu urushi objects may be located between (1) and (2).Traditional urushi techniques were studied in Japan : Wajima and Okinawa (Ryukyu) in order to study their difference.It is difficult to analyze cured urushi because it is not dissolved by any solvents.Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography was used for analysis and some urushi samples showed typical pyrograms similar to authentic urushi samples.This Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography method has an advantage because it needs a little amount of sample, short analyzing time and no pre-treatment.