COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE JUDICIARY SYSTEM IN JAPAN AND IN THE UNIT STATES

本研究的主题是从司法制度本身和支撑这一制度的专业人士两个角度对美国的纠纷解决制度进行分析。关于司法制度，我们观察了陪审制度的发展过程，我们认为这不仅与美国民主的精神，而且与美国民主的真正功能深度融合。然而，这一过程是通过大量牺牲法院的时间和成本以及担任陪审团的公民来维持的。为了有效地解决纠纷，需要应用几种ADR(另类纠纷解决)制度，包括法院附属套利制度、小额索赔法院，甚至刑事诉讼程序中的辩诉交易2。关于专业人员；美国的法律专业人员的特点可能是专业人员内部的激烈竞争和相应的法律业务的专业化。(1)专业人士之间的激烈竞争可能是诉讼成瘾社会的原因之一。但这样的竞争也可能动员性别或种族歧视、消费者保护、探索诉诸法院的途径以及为原本被遗弃的人追回等领域的法律创新。(2)专业化和竞争肯定会提高专业人士提供的法律服务的质量，不仅是在法庭上，而且在法庭外的许多法律服务中，包括合同、遗嘱和信托的文件，以及广泛的咨询领域。后者值得注意，因为日本法律界面临自我创新的压力。

The subject of this research is to analyze the dispute resolution system in the United States from two perspectives ; the judiciary system itself and the professional who sustain the system.1 About the judiciary ; We observed the process of the jury system, which we believe is integrated deeply not only to the spirit, but also to the real function of the American democracy. Nevertheless, the process is maintained by heavy sacrifice of time and cost of the court, and the citizens who serve as jury. The demand for effective resolution of disputes necessitate the application of several ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) system, including court annexd arbitrage system, small claim courts, and even plea bargaining in the criminal procedures.2 About the professionals ; The legal professionals in the United States may be characterized by the fierce competition within the professionals and the consequential professionalization of legal business. (1) The fierce competition among the professionals may be one reason of the litigation addicted socienty. But such competition may also mobilize the legal innovation in fields such as sexual or racial discrimination, consumer protection, exploring the way to court and recovery for the otherwise deserted. (2) Professionalization and competition surely strengthen the quality of the legal service provided by the professional not only in the court, but also in many legal service outside of the court, including documentation of contracts, wills, and trusts, and wide fields of consulting. The latter is worthy of notice as the Japanese legal profession is under pressure for self innovation.