The Influence of the Linguistic Situation of the North-Eastern Eurasia on the Middle Mongolian

本项目旨在了解蒙古帝国统治时期，即13世纪至14世纪蒙古人的语言状况，因为在这一时期的文献中发现了各种来源的外来词。我们可以在这一时期的作品中看到许多借用的形式，特别是在佛教文献中。它们的最终起源是印地语，形态扭曲，反映了蒙古传入路线的不同，可以看出蒙古人是通过什么途径借来的。在某些情况下，蒙古族人通过维吾尔语介绍他们，而维吾尔语对应的词又是从土恰利人那里借来的；在一些情况下，蒙古人从藏语中借用，在另一些情况下，从汉语中借用。但看起来，贷款并不总是纯粹的借款。仔细考察蒙古语版本的《萨达哈波达里卡》、《罗特那伽利语》和《Gosmgavyakarana》的文字，我们可以看到蒙古语中虚构的借词的存在，即蒙古人根据藏文形式，根据曲解的一般倾向，产生了类似维吾尔语的词，这些词看似源于印度语，但实际上远不是纯粹的维吾尔语借词。这一现象证明了蒙古族在印度语和维吾尔语的压倒性影响下所面临的语言环境。

This project aims to clarify the linguistic situation of the Mongols during the reign of the Mongol Empire, namely from the 13th to the 14th century, in view of loanwords of various origins found in the literature of this period. We can see many borrowed forms in the works of this period, especially in the Buddhist literature. Their ultimate origin is Indic and the forms have distorted shapes, which reflects the differences of introducing routes into Mongolic, so we can tell through what paths the Mongols had borrowed them. In some cases, the Mongols introduced them by way of Uighur and in turn the Uighur equivalents were loans from Tocharian ; in some cases the Mongols borrowed them from Tibetan and in other from Chinese. But seemingly loans are not always pure borrowings. Cafeful inspection on the lines of Mongolian versions of Saddharmapundarika, Ratnajali and Gosmgavyakarana shows us the presence of fabricated loanwords ; namely, based on the Tibetan form, the Mongols had produced, according to the general tendencies of the distortions, Uighur-like words which seem to have originated from Indic but are in fact far from pure Uighur loans. This phenomenon is testimony of the linguistic situation with which the Mongols faced during the period under the overwhelming influences of Indic and Uighur.