The "Comparative Examination" in the early Meiji-era primary Schools

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In this research, I have put focus on the compaFative examination in early Meiji era (approx.1 868-1881) primary schools. Those comparative examination would test children who were selected from individual schools, and compete with their scores. The result of the examination would me rely end to prises for the good achievers, but schools and pupils were very hardly encouraged by these examinations.Mostly, Japanese modern education systems are thought to be a kind of a copy or mosaic-patchwo rk of western educational systems. But what interesting of this examination is that it emerged outside of the foFmal educational system. For instance, there were no reference of these kind of eraminations in 'O~kusei ; f'he Educational Code of 1872"., This study investigates the origin of these examination. As a result, I have found out that these examinations are, in some points, very similar to examinations existed in the Edo era ; the premodern ages of Japan. They are a kind of mixtures of elements from the Edo examination and Western examinations.