For Renascence of the Rule of Law

法治理念是宪政的重要组成部分。反过来，宪政又包含了权力分立的理念。法治与宪政的模式应该从英美法系的传统中，特别是从苏格兰法系的思维方式中去寻找。但这一观点并没有得到日本法学界的充分理解。要认真对待宪政，我们需要回顾启蒙思想的历史发展。启蒙运动始于霍布斯的立场。洛克派紧随其后洛克派产生了卢梭式的民主派。相比之下，另一条小溪幸存了下来，那就是苏格兰权利。主要的苏格兰哲学家，如D.休谟，A.史密斯，一直对民主持怀疑态度。他们致力于自由主义，法治，宪政的理念。民主主义者倾向于成为实证主义者，他们认为人造法应该是法律，而自由主义者则认为人造法应该服从某种规则，即法治。法治意味着与人造法律相对立的成文法的至上或主导地位，并排除个人专断的存在，或政府方面的特权，甚至广泛的自由裁量权。三权分立显然要求法律将每个官员限定在正常的行动范围内。那么，规律是什么呢？我将规律性等同于形式要求，即对法律主体的普遍性和非个体性的处理。

The idea of the "rule of law" is a essential constituent of the constitutionalism.Constitutionalism, in turn, contains the idea of the separation of powers.The models of the rule of law and the constitutionalism should be seardhed in the tradition of the Anglo-American law, especially in the scottish legal way of thinking. But this point of view is not well understood in Japan's legal scholars.To take constitutionalism seriously, we need to look back the historical development of the thoughts of Enlightment.Enlightment started with the Hobbesean position. Then the Lockeans followed and the Lockeans produced the Rousseau-like-democrats. In contrast, another stream has been survived, that is the Scottish enrightment. The leading Scottish philosophers, like D. Hume, A. Smith, were always skeptical about democracy. They committed to the idea of liberalism, rule of law, constitutionalism.While democrats tend to be positivists, who believe man-made-law ought to be law, liberalists believe that man-made-law should be subject to a certain rule, m.e., the rule of law.The rule of law means the supremacy or predominance of regular law as opposed to the man-made-law, and excludes the existence of personal arbitrariness, or pre-rogative oe even of wide discretionary authority on the part of the government. A separation of powers clearly requires that the law consttain each official to regular domain of action.Then, what is the regular law? I identify the regularity with the formal requirements, which means universal and non-personal treatment of the legal subjects.