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For Renascence of the Rule of Law

为了法治的复兴

基本信息

批准号：
09620017
负责人：
SAKAMOTO Masanari
金额：
$ 1.02万
依托单位：
HIROSHIMA UNIVERSITY
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1997
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1997 至 1998
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-09620017/
关键词：
role of law constitutionalism civic society separation of powers 立憲主義リベラリズム

项目摘要

The idea of the "rule of law" is a essential constituent of the constitutionalism.Constitutionalism, in turn, contains the idea of the separation of powers.The models of the rule of law and the constitutionalism should be seardhed in the tradition of the Anglo-American law, especially in the scottish legal way of thinking. But this point of view is not well understood in Japan's legal scholars.To take constitutionalism seriously, we need to look back the historical development of the thoughts of Enlightment.Enlightment started with the Hobbesean position. Then the Lockeans followed and the Lockeans produced the Rousseau-like-democrats. In contrast, another stream has been survived, that is the Scottish enrightment. The leading Scottish philosophers, like D. Hume, A. Smith, were always skeptical about democracy. They committed to the idea of liberalism, rule of law, constitutionalism.While democrats tend to be positivists, who believe man-made-law ought to be law, liberalists believe that man-made-law should be subject to a certain rule, m.e., the rule of law.The rule of law means the supremacy or predominance of regular law as opposed to the man-made-law, and excludes the existence of personal arbitrariness, or pre-rogative oe even of wide discretionary authority on the part of the government. A separation of powers clearly requires that the law consttain each official to regular domain of action.Then, what is the regular law? I identify the regularity with the formal requirements, which means universal and non-personal treatment of the legal subjects.

“法治”理念是宪政的重要组成部分，宪政又蕴含着分权理念，法治与宪政的模式应在英美法传统，特别是苏格兰法律的思维方式中寻找。但日本的法律的学者对这一观点的理解并不充分。要认真对待宪政，我们需要回顾启蒙思想的历史发展。然后，洛克人紧随其后，洛克人产生了卢梭式的民主主义者。与此相反，另一个流派却幸存了下来，那就是苏格兰式的权利继承。苏格兰的主要哲学家，如D。Hume，A.史密斯先生对民主总是持怀疑态度。他们致力于自由主义、法治、宪政的理念。民主主义者倾向于实证主义者，他们认为人造法应该是法律，而自由主义者认为人造法应该服从一定的规则，即，法治意味着普通法相对于人造法的至高无上或占主导地位，并排除个人专断的存在，甚至排除政府广泛的自由裁量权。三权分立明确要求法律约束每一个官员在正常的活动范围内。那么，什么是正常的法律？我把合规律性与形式要求等同起来，这意味着对法律的主体的普遍的、非个人化的处理。