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Protection of Global Environment and Free Trade

保护全球环境和自由贸易

基本信息

批准号：
08044040
负责人：
SHIBATA Hirofumi
金额：
$ 12.8万
依托单位：
Ritsumeikan University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for international Scientific Research
财政年份：
1996
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1996 至 1998
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

This project investigated the relationships between protection of global environment and international free trade regime. Soon after the World War II, GATT was established to promote free trade and that spirit was re-established in the WTO in 1995. The idea was that uninhibited international flows of goods and services would promote production efficiency in each country participating in the free trade. However, a doubt was cast on this idea from the point of view of the global environmental protection. Much of exports from developing countries consist of natural raw material and raw material intensive products. Because raw materials are often under-priced or not priced at all in these countries due to the absence or imperfection of ownership rights, the raw materials and their derivatives are exported at the price below their social costs. Consequently, non-conservation of natural resources and degradation of the environment result. Restrictions aimed at discouraging exportation of the … More se items, it is argued, would facilitate protection of the natural resources and global environment.This project examined theoretical soundness of these arguments and investigated alternative means of protecting the environment. Although complexity of the issues prevent us from reaching clear cut conclusions, it is found that the free trade itself is not at fault. The defects in the property right system and not sufficiently competitive domestic markets should be blamed. Nevertheless, if the defects in the right systems and imperfection of the market can not be remedied easily, restrictions on international trade might be justified as a second best solution.Another aspect of environmental issues is the trans-nationalness of the environmental pollution such as acid rain and global warming. These global phenomena produce differentiated effects on trading countries' comparative advantages and distort locations of efficient production. Internationally concerted corrective actions are required. From this point of view, a uniform rate Ionian taxes and tradable pollution permits are often recommended for prevention of regional or global pollution. But our investigation produced a conclusion that casts a doubt on the theoretical soundness of these proposals. Because the polluters are often victims by themselves they adjust their polluting activities. A solution, therefore, requires means that shifts the existing Nash equilibrium to a more Pareto Preferred Nash equilibrium. For this purpose a set of differentiated rates is required for the Pigovian tax approach. Less

本项目研究全球环境保护与国际自由贸易体制之间的关系。第二次世界大战后不久，关贸总协定成立，以促进自由贸易，这一精神在1995年在世贸组织中重新确立。当时的想法是，不受限制的商品和服务国际流动将促进参与自由贸易的每个国家的生产效率。然而，从全球环境保护的角度来看，这一想法受到了质疑。发展中国家的大部分出口产品是天然原料和原料密集型产品。在这些国家，由于没有所有权或所有权不完善，原材料往往定价过低或根本不定价，因此原材料及其衍生物以低于社会成本的价格出口。因此，自然资源得不到保护，环境退化。旨在阻止出口的限制 ...更多信息有人认为，这些项目将有助于保护自然资源和全球环境。本项目审查了这些论点的理论合理性，并调查了保护环境的替代手段。虽然问题的复杂性使我们无法得出明确的结论，但我们发现自由贸易本身并没有错。这应该归咎于产权制度的缺陷和国内市场竞争不足。然而，如果权利制度的缺陷和市场的不完善无法轻易弥补，那么限制国际贸易可能是一个次优的解决方案。环境问题的另一个方面是环境污染的跨国性，如酸雨和全球变暖。这些全球现象对贸易国的比较优势产生了不同的影响，并扭曲了有效生产的地点。需要采取国际协调一致的纠正行动。从这个角度来看，统一的爱奥尼亚税和可交易的污染许可证往往被建议用于防止区域或全球污染。但我们的调查得出的结论对这些建议的理论合理性提出了质疑。由于污染者本身往往是受害者，他们调整了自己的污染活动。因此，一个解决方案需要将现有的纳什均衡转移到一个更帕累托偏好的纳什均衡。为此，需要为庇古税办法制定一套有区别的税率。少