An Empirical Study of the Double Structure of Teacher Training System : A Case in a Local Area in Japanese Prewar History

在日本战前历史上，实际上存在两种类型的教师培训制度。一种是师范学校的教师培训。另一种是在官方批准的私立学校进行教师培训。前者培养的是未来的骨干教师，后者培养的是弥补在职教师不足的教师。在战前大分县的教师培训历史中，可以明显地看到教师培训制度的双重结构。这是一项阐明大分县各校教师培训实际情况的研究。本研究的独特之处在于，它揭示了在教师培养史上被忽视的私立学校。私立学校教师的地位不如师范学校教师高。他们很少被提升到行政职位。尽管如此，他们还是对社区的教育产生了影响。私立学校的学生不仅来自大分市，也来自市外，尽管这些学校并不为公众所知。此外，在第二次世界大战期间，私立学校的女毕业生弥补了参加战争的男教师的不足。私立学校教师不仅弥补了在职教师的不足，而且实际上参与了教育质量的提高。师范学校教师与私立学校教师之间的紧张关系促进了大分县教育的发展。

There virtually were two types of teacher training system in Japanese prewar history. One is a type of teacher training in normal schools. Another is a type of teacher training in private schools that were officially approved. While the former trained prospective leading teachers, the latter trained teachers who compensated insufficiency of teachers at work. The double structure of the teacher training system is clearly found in the prewar history of teacher training in Oita prefecture. This is a study that elucidates the actual conditions of teacher training in respective schools in Oita.The uniqueness of this study lies in a viewpoint that sheds light on private schools which have been rather neglected in the history of teacher training. The status of teachers from private schools was not so high as that of teachers from normal schools. And they rarely were promoted to administrative positions. Nonetheless they had an influence on education in their community. Students of private schools came not only from Oita but from outside it, although those schools were not known publicly. In addition, during the World War II,female graduates from private schools compensated insufficiency of male teachers who went to war. Teachers from private schools not only contributed to compensate insufficiency of teachers at work but participated virtually in improving the quality of education. The tension between teachers from normal schools and those from private schools promoted the development of education in Oita.