Analysis and Biomedical Material Applications of Biological Hard Tissue Formation Based on Electromagnetics

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Hydroxyapatite is an innate bioactive material such that bones are generated by osteoblasts on its surface without any inclusion. It has been experimentally established that bone formation occurs 1 week after implantation, and the wound is repaired within 3 weeks. However, provided a wide gap between the hydroxyapatite and bone, the hydroxyapatite is encapsulated with fibrous tissues and not integrated with the bones. Our recent studies demonstrated that the negative electrical charges on the hydroxyapatite surfaces induced by electrical polarization accelerated the bone-like apatite overgrowth by means of simulated body fluid immersion. Here we show that the negatively charged surfaces of the electrically polarized hydroxyapatite ceramics enhanced the osteogenesis of canine bone marrow. The negatively charged hydroxyapatite surface conducted bone formation 7 days after implantation in the widely gapped environment. By day 14, a ca. 0.2 mm gap was filled with maturing bone rigidly contacted with the hydroxyapatite surfaces. The electrostatic force was revealed to have effects both upon activation of the bone formation by myeloid cells and on construction on the c-face highly-orientated hydroxyapatite layer on the negatively charged surface.