Basic Study on the Policies of the Kamakura Shogunate toward Religion

为了了解镰仓幕府对宗教的政策，本研究制作了一个参考原始历史资料的数据库，以调查活跃在镰仓的每位佛教僧侣的职业生涯。研究结果阐明了北条后裔僧侣的发展趋势，以及幕府僧侣在与镰仓幕府的等级关系中职业生涯的特点，以及他们向京都的相关运动。首先，对58名北条血统的僧侣进行了调查。在可以确定宗派归属的人中，信教派14人，翁次派24人，比日山派8人，禅宗派3人。这项研究证实，通常仍然认为幕府对恩利酒寺采取敌对立场的说法是不准确的。其次，调查了幕府僧侣在首都地区强大的寺庙中担任领导职务的例子。尽管在源本幕府时代（1180-1219年）、幕府时代（1219-1246年）和东部地区佛教世界的繁荣背景下，没有这样的例子，幕府僧侣经常成为东寺和其他强大的新音寺庙的住持。然而，在幕府摄政北条东依（1246年-1284年）和东正（1284年）时期，幕府向首都时代强大寺庙的修道院定期继承的做法完全停止了。这一变化的原因是幕府将军和Tokimune之间的冲突，导致幕府权力的丧失。此外，随着摄政王丰依对幕府守护僧的驱逐，幕府对宗教的政策突然发生了变化。禅宗和立宗的僧侣现在比外教和密教的僧侣得到更多的资助。然而，随着摄政王北条贞德和高德纪（1284-1333）时代的到来，幕府的僧侣们在Onjoji (chori), Enryakuji （Tendai zasu）和Toji （chja）获得了修道院，这些都是首都地区最强大的寺庙。这种变化的原因是蒙古人的进攻；幕府积极派遣幕府僧侣到首都地区强大的寺庙，努力建立一套仪式祈祷系统，以抵御蒙古的威胁。就这样，镰仓幕府对宗教的政策在摄政东正和贞木时期发生了巨大的变化。直到现在，我们这些历史学家都忽视了这种转变。因此，我的研究不仅对幕府的宗教政策的分析，而且对镰仓幕府本身的理论也将产生很大的影响。少

In an effort to understand the policies of the Kamakura shogunate toward religion, this study produced a database of references in primary historical sources to investigate the career of each of the Buddhist monks active in Kamakura. The results clarified the trends among monks of Hojo descent as well as the character of the careers of shogunal monks in their hierarchical relationship with the Kamakura shogunate and their related movement into Kyoto.First, fifty-eight monks of Hojo descent were examined. Among those of which the sectarian affiliation could be determined, fourteen were of Shingon, twenty-four were of Onjoji, eight were of Mount Hiei, and three were of Zen. This study established that claims commonly still made that the shogunate took an antagonistic stance toward Enryakuji are inaccurate.Next, an investigation was made of the examples of shogunal monks who took over the leading positions in powerful temples of the capital area. Although there were no examples during the … More era of the Minamoto shoguns ( 1180-1219), with the era of the shogan Kujo Yoritsune (1219-1246) and the context of the flourishing of the Buddhist world of the Eastern region, shogunal monks regularly became abbots of Toji and of other powerful temples of Shingon. However, during the era of the shogunal regents Hojo Tokiyori and Tokimune (1246-1284), the regular succession of shogunal monies to abbacies of powerful temples in the capital era came to a complete halt. The reason for this change was the conflict between the shogun and Tokimune, which caused a loss in shogunal power. Moreover, together with the regent Tokiyori's banishing of the guardian monks of the shogun, the policy of the shogunate toward religion suddenly changed., and monks of the Zen and Ritsu schools were now patronized more than monks of the exoteric-esoteric schools.However, with the era of the regents Hojo Sadatoki and Takatokj ( 1284-1333 ) , shogunal monks acquired abbacies in Onjoji (chori), Enryakuji (Tendai zasu) , and Toji (choja) - all of the most powerful temples of the capital area. The reason for this change was the attack by the Mongols; the shogunate actively sent shogunal monks to the powerful temples of the capital area in an effort to construct a system of ritual prayer against the Mongol threat.In this way, the policies of the Kamakura shogunate toward religion changed dramatically during the eras of the regents Tokiyori and Sadatoki. Until now, we historians have overlooked the shift. Thus, my study surely will have a great impact on not only the analysis of the shogunate's policies toward religion but also on theories concerning the Kamakura shogunate as such. Less