Basic Study on the Policies of the Kamakura Shogunate toward Religion

镰仓幕府宗教政策基础研究

• 批准号: 10610326
• 负责人: TAIRA Masayuki
• 金额: $ 1.98万
• 依托单位: Osaka University
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 1998
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1998 至 2001
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-10610326/
• 关键词: The Kamakura Shogunate; Temple-Shrine Power complexes; Kenmitsu Taisei Theory; Kenmon Taisei Theory; Enryakuji; Turugaoka-hachimangu; the Exoteric-esoteric Schools; the Zen and Ritsu Schools; 東寺長者; 天台座主; 宮騒動; 北条時頼; モンゴル襲来; 園城寺長吏; 宗教政策; 九条頼経

In an effort to understand the policies of the Kamakura shogunate toward religion, this study produced a database of references in primary historical sources to investigate the career of each of the Buddhist monks active in Kamakura. The results clarified the trends among monks of Hojo descent as well as the character of the careers of shogunal monks in their hierarchical relationship with the Kamakura shogunate and their related movement into Kyoto.First, fifty-eight monks of Hojo descent were examined. Among those of which the sectarian affiliation could be determined, fourteen were of Shingon, twenty-four were of Onjoji, eight were of Mount Hiei, and three were of Zen. This study established that claims commonly still made that the shogunate took an antagonistic stance toward Enryakuji are inaccurate.Next, an investigation was made of the examples of shogunal monks who took over the leading positions in powerful temples of the capital area. Although there were no examples during the … More era of the Minamoto shoguns ( 1180-1219), with the era of the shogan Kujo Yoritsune (1219-1246) and the context of the flourishing of the Buddhist world of the Eastern region, shogunal monks regularly became abbots of Toji and of other powerful temples of Shingon. However, during the era of the shogunal regents Hojo Tokiyori and Tokimune (1246-1284), the regular succession of shogunal monies to abbacies of powerful temples in the capital era came to a complete halt. The reason for this change was the conflict between the shogun and Tokimune, which caused a loss in shogunal power. Moreover, together with the regent Tokiyori's banishing of the guardian monks of the shogun, the policy of the shogunate toward religion suddenly changed., and monks of the Zen and Ritsu schools were now patronized more than monks of the exoteric-esoteric schools.However, with the era of the regents Hojo Sadatoki and Takatokj ( 1284-1333 ) , shogunal monks acquired abbacies in Onjoji (chori), Enryakuji (Tendai zasu) , and Toji (choja) - all of the most powerful temples of the capital area. The reason for this change was the attack by the Mongols; the shogunate actively sent shogunal monks to the powerful temples of the capital area in an effort to construct a system of ritual prayer against the Mongol threat.In this way, the policies of the Kamakura shogunate toward religion changed dramatically during the eras of the regents Tokiyori and Sadatoki. Until now, we historians have overlooked the shift. Thus, my study surely will have a great impact on not only the analysis of the shogunate's policies toward religion but also on theories concerning the Kamakura shogunate as such. Less

为了了解镰仓幕府对宗教的政策，本研究制作了一个原始历史资料的参考数据库，以调查每个活跃在镰仓的佛教僧侣的职业生涯。结果澄清了北条后裔僧侣之间的趋势，以及幕府僧侣在与镰仓幕府的等级关系中的职业特征及其相关的京都迁移。首先，对58名北条后裔僧侣进行了调查。在这些教派的隶属关系可以确定，十四个是新的，二十四个是温城寺，八个是比睿山，三个是禅宗。本研究确认了通常认为幕府对延历寺采取敌对态度的说法是不准确的。接下来，对幕府僧侣在首都地区的强大寺庙中担任领导职务的例子进行了调查。虽然在这期间没有任何例子， ...更多信息 在源幕府时代（1180-1219），与幕府九条赖常时代（1219-1246）和佛教世界的东部地区的繁荣的背景下，幕府僧侣定期成为东寺和其他强大的寺庙的神道住持。然而，在幕府摄政北条时赖和时宗（1246-1284）的时代，幕府资金定期继承到首都时代强大寺庙的修道院完全停止了。这一变化的原因是幕府和时宗之间的冲突，这导致了幕府权力的损失。此外，随着摄政时赖驱逐幕府的守护僧侣，幕府对宗教的政策突然发生了变化。但是，到了北条贞时和高时摄政时期（1284-1333年），幕府僧侣在温城寺（chori）、延历寺（Tendai zasu）和东寺（choja）获得了寺院，这些寺院都是首都地区最有权势的寺庙。这种变化的原因是蒙古人的进攻，幕府积极派遣幕府僧侣到首都地区的强大寺庙，努力建立一个仪式祈祷制度，以对抗蒙古人的威胁。这样，在摄政时赖和贞时时代，镰仓幕府的宗教政策发生了巨大变化。到目前为止，我们历史学家忽略了这一转变。因此，我的研究不仅对分析幕府的宗教政策，而且对有关镰仓幕府的理论也会产生很大的影响。少

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Taira Masayuki: "The Development of the Exoteric-esoteric Schools in Kamakura"Collected Papers in Honor of the Seventieth Birthday of Professor ITO Yuishin, Hozokan. (2002)

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