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Responsibility of the Organization and Responsibility of its Individual Members : Approaches from Social Psychology, Philosophy of Law and Economics, and their Integration

组织的责任和个人成员的责任:社会心理学、法哲学和经济学及其整合的方法

基本信息

批准号：
11620002
负责人：
MATSUMURA Yoshiyuki
金额：
$ 2.43万
依托单位：
Hokkaido University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1999
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1999 至 2000
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

Attribution of responsibility to an individual social unit is usually discussed in terms of corrective justice, or retributive justice in the field of philosophy of law, but in essence it is a problem of distributive justice, or distribution of social bads among societal units. Therefore, to whom responsibility is attributed is the problem of the distribution of responsibility by a certain public standard on some social values, and in what manner members of an organization and the organization itself share responsibilities can be considered in terms of liberties, equality and efficiency that are all public value standards adopted by a society. Second, we conducted a mail questionnaire survey in order to investigate the public attitudes towards attribution of responsibility. Subjects are firms which experienced the enforcement of the anti-trust law. Major findings are as follows. i) Attribution of responsibility is diffuse, and subjects are not positive to attribution to an individual member in the organization. ii) If an individual member is penalized by the criminal law, subjects sympathize with him/her. iii) We cannot find that individual responsibilities overcome collective responsibilities even if an organization is large and bureaucratic. iv) In case that damages are serious to the organization, subjects tend to find an individual to whom responsibility is attributed. Third, we investigate responsibilities of attribution in terms of economic analysis of law. By economics of transaction cost and principal-agency approach, we analyze how an organization as such and its individual members bear responsibilities in case that an organization deviates from the law and the deviance brings about losses and damages. The conclusion depends on some variables. The examples of the variables are as follows. i) To what extent information about the organization is published. ii) To what extent a member adopt opportunistic behavior in relation to the organization.

在法哲学领域，责任归属问题通常是从矫正正义或报应正义的角度来讨论的，但其实质是一个分配正义问题，即社会恶在社会单位之间的分配问题。因此，责任归属于谁，是以某种社会价值的公共标准来分配责任的问题，组织成员和组织本身以何种方式分担责任，可以从自由、平等和效率这些社会所采用的公共价值标准来考虑。其次，我们进行了一个邮件问卷调查，以调查公众对责任归因的态度。研究对象是经历过反垄断法实施的企业。主要调查结果如下。（1）责任归属是分散的，受试者对组织中的某个成员的责任归属并不积极。ii）如果某个成员受到刑法的惩罚，臣民会同情他/她。iii）即使一个组织很大，而且官僚化，我们也不能发现个人责任超过集体责任。（iv）如果损害对组织造成严重损害，受试者倾向于找到责任归属的个人。第三，从法律的经济分析角度探讨归责问题。运用交易费用经济学和委托代理理论，分析了当组织偏离法律并由此造成损失时，组织本身及其成员如何承担责任。结论取决于一些变量。变量的示例如下。（i）在何种程度上公布有关该组织的信息。（2）组织成员在多大程度上采取了与组织有关的机会主义行为。