Pilgrimage to the Fantasized West/Return to Japan with Nostalgia

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In the fiscal year of 1999, Sugawara, Hirakawa, Makino and Sung participated the International Symposium "Nostalgic Journey: Literary Pilgrimage from Japan to the West," held on September 18th and 19th, 1999 at the University of British Columbia in Canada. They published their papers in Pilgrimage to Europe and Return to Japan (Hirakawa Sukehiro ed., Meiji-shoin).In the fiscal year of 2000, Research was conducted on the "Fantasy about Southern Islands" among Japanese writers. Sugawara and Hirakawa participated the International Symposium on Lafcadio Hearn entitled "Itineraire d'un exote" held at Univerite Antille-Guyane (Martinique, France) on February 3rd, 2000.In the fiscal year 2001, Sugawara and Hirakawa gave lectures on Japanese experiences of the West at the University of Gorteborg in Sweden on September 13th. Return to Japan: From Pilgrimage to the West to which Sugawara and Hirakawa contributed papers was published from Aarhus University Press.After our three-year research, it has been found out that the Japanese experiences may share the universal context which can be problematized as Universality / Locality or Universalism / Creolite. This finding has opened a wider scope for our research.