Implementation of Land Use Control for Hazard Mitigation in Japan and its Policy Process

为了验证减灾土地利用控制的政策过程模型，本研究涉及三个主要任务：1)对阪神-旭日大地震后修订的区域防灾规划中的减灾土地利用管制实施情况进行评估；2)日本减灾土地利用规划先进实践的案例研究；3)加州地震危险地图规划计划和结果的回顾。1999年，我们在全国范围内开展了关于日本减灾土地利用规划的问卷调查。人口包括694个城市市政当局的城市规划和防灾部门的工作人员(所有锡族和托库贝图区)。大多数城市不积极披露地震灾害信息，城市规划和防灾部门之间的行政内部联系薄弱或较差。2001年，我们采访了松本、横须贺和西宫县的工作人员。在关键人物的坚强领导下，这些城市分别尝试以向公众开放的详细危险地图为基础的城市改造推进实践，以建筑收缩避开断层线的场地规划，以及以原有法规为手段广泛指导规划许可的实践。2002年2月，我们访问了加州地质调查局、联邦应急管理局、市县(旧金山、圣何塞和圣克拉拉)、ABAG等，采访了政府工作人员，了解了地震灾害测绘计划的信息。加州案例在地质专业设置、利用系统的事后政策评估等方面具有显著的特点。有效的措施是1)分区和测绘系统，以确定高风险地区；2)要求在批准大多数类型的开发之前进行特定地点的调查；以及3)国家地质调查局的外联活动。

To verify the policy process model of land use control for hazard mitigation, the study involved three principal tasks; 1) an assessment of the implementation of land use control for hazard mitigation in the revision of Regional Disaster Prevention Programs after the Hanshin-Awaji great earthquake, 2) case studies of advanced practice in land use planning for hazard mitigation in Japan, and 3) a review of California's Seismic Hazard Mapping program and outcomes.1. In 1999, we have carried out a nationwide questionnaire survey on land use planning for hazard mitigation in Japan. The population contains personnel of urban planning and disaster prevention sections of 694 urban municipalities (all SHIs and tokubetu-Kus). Most cities are inactive to disclose seismic hazards information and they have weak or poor intra-administrative connections between urban planning and disaster prevention sections.2. In 2001, we interviewed with personnel of Matsumoto, Yokosuka, and Nishinomiya. Under the strong leadership of key persons, these cities are trying to do advancing practices of urban rehabilitation based on detailed hazard map open to the public, of site plan with building setback to avoid fault line, and of extensive guidance for planning permission by means of original ordinance, respectively.3. In February 2002, we visited the California Geological Survey, FEMA, cities and counties (San Francisco, San Jose, and Santa Clara), ABAG, and so on to interview with government staff and to get information of Seismic Hazard Mapping Program. California case has remarkable features in establishment of geological professions, and utilization of systemic ex-post policy evaluation. The effective measures are 1) zoning and mapping system to identify high-risk areas, 2) requiring site-specific investigations prior to permits for most types of development, and 3) outreach activities of State's Geological Survey.