Fate and ecotoxicity of new antifouling compounds in aquatic environments.

本研究的目的是建立新的防污化合物替代有机苷的管理策略。所使用的化合物有Irgarol 1051、Diuron、kh101、pirithione锌、Copper Pyrithione和Sea-Nine 211。得出以下结论：1)日本水生环境污染情况：日本环境水体中检测到的3种化合物最高浓度为：Irgarol 1051 0.30 μg/L, M1 1.9 μg/L, Diuron 3.1 μg/L。在2个站点进行的3年调查表明，浓度一般较高，为Diuron bb0， Irgarol 1051 bb1, M1。2)降解研究汞离子可催化水中Irgarol水解生成M1。太阳辐照也能降解水中的Irgarol生成M1。水中天然成分加速了鸢尾花醇的光降解速率，表明其与腐殖质有光敏降解作用。对日本市售防污涂料中水中检出的伊尔加罗、M1、迪乌隆的来源进行了鉴定。3)生态毒性研究利用海洋细菌、微藻、海藻、浮萍、浮游动物和陆生植物等环境相关生物评价Irgarol和M1的生态毒性。利用生态毒理学数据和残留浓度对其环境风险进行了评价。采用鱼幼鱼、悬浮培养鱼细胞、海胆受精卵和非靶植物对几种新型防污化合物进行了毒性评价。金属吡啶硫酮对海胆的毒性较高，其中锌吡啶硫酮对海胆卵发育的抑制作用达到每升100克。UV-A灯照射后，金属吡啶硫酮对海胆的毒性随照射时间长短而降低。这表明金属吡啶硫酮可以通过太阳照射降解。

The aim of this study was to establish management strategy for the new antifouling compounds alternative to organotins. Compounds used were Irgarol 1051, Diuron, KH 101, Zinc pirithione, Copper Pyrithione, and Sea-Nine 211. Conclusions obtained were as follows :1) Pollution of Japanese aquatic environmentThe highest concentrations of three compounds detected in Japanese ambient waters were as follows ; 0.30 μg/L for Irgarol 1051, 1.9 μg/L for M1, and 3.1 μg/L for Diuron. Three-year survey at two stations indicated the concentrations in higher order as Diuron > Irgarol 1051 > M1, generally.2) Degradation studyMercuric ion could catalyze hydrolysis of Irgarol in water to produce M1. Solar irradiation also degraded Irgarol in water to produce M1. Photodegradation rate of Irgarol was accelerated by natural components in water, suggesting photosensitive degradation with humic substances. The origin of Irgarol, M1, and Diuron detected in water was ascertained to commercial antifouling paints available in Japanese market.3) Ecotoxicity studyEcotoxicity of Irgarol and M1 was evaluated using environmentally relevant organisms such as marine bacteria, microalgae, seaweed, duckweed, zooplankton, and terrestrial plants. The environmental risk of them was assessed with both the ecotoxicological data and residue concentrations. Toxicity of several new antifouling compounds were evaluated using juvenile fish, suspension-cultured fish cells, fertilized egg of sea urchin, and non-target plant species. The toxicity of metal pyrithiones was high to those species tested, especially zinc pyrithione inhibited sea urchin egg development at femtgram per liter. The metal pyrithiones irradiated with UV-A lamp decreased its toxicity to sea urchin, depending on the duration of light treatment. This suggested that metal pyrithiones could be degraded by solar irradiation.