Historical changes of the principle of the public policy and special education for people with intellectual disability: Normalization, QOL(Quality of Life), and symbiosis

本研究旨在探讨智障人士公共政策与特殊教育的三大原则：常态化、生活质量与共生。规范化原则是在20世纪后半叶发展起来的。这一原则在北欧形成，并在北美得到极大发展。目前，这一原则被公认为世界性的普遍原则。但是，由于不同地区、不同国家对这一原则的理解和侧重点的不同，不能说对这一原则的含义有统一的界定。本文对该原则的三种典型定义进行了比较，指出了共同点和不同点，并结合日本的现状进行了批判性的考察。随着这一原则的局限性逐渐清晰，人们开始关注生活质量原则。正常化原则追求的是去机构化，而生活质量原则则重视个体的幸福感和满足感。这一新原则要求提高对智力残疾者的护理质量。同时，对个体主体性的重视也带来了一定的局限性。现在，人们所寻求的是一种丰富个人与社会之间关系的原则。我们提出了“共生”的概念，作为一个新的原则，有这样的可能性。共生原则是一种支持异质共存的哲学。马丁·布伯（Martin Buber）的“我与你”哲学。此外，这一原则与日本传统的思维方式有许多相似之处，这成为它在日本扎根的优势。

The purpose of this research is to examine three principles of the public policy and special education for people with intellectual disability; Normalization, QOL, and symbiosis. It is the latter half of 20th centuries that the principle of Normalization developed. This principle was formulated in North Europe and grew greatly in North America. At present, this principle is recognized as the worldwide universal principle. But, it can't be said that common definition is made about what this principle means, since the interpretation of the principle and an emphasis point varied in areas or nations. We compared three typical definitions of this principle, pointing some common points and some difference points, and added critical examination in the light of the Japanese present condition. As a limit of this principle became clear gradually, it came to pay attention to the principle of QOL. While the principle of Normalization pursued deinstitutionalization, the principle of QOL attaches importance to the individual well-being and the feeling of satisfaction. This new principle required enhancing the quality of the care for people with intellectual disabilities. At the same time, there were some limits which were derived from attaching importance to the individual subjectivity. Now, what is being looked for is the principle which enriches relations between the individual and the society. We proposed the concept of "symbiosis" as a new principle which has such possibility. The principle of symbiosis is a philosophy which supports the coexistence of the heterogeneous. We particularly paid attention to Martin Buber's philosophy of "I and Thou". Furthermore, this principle has many similarities with the Japanese traditional thinking styles and this becomes an advantage when it is made to take root in Japan.